A xenoanthropologist was an anthropologist that focused their anthropological studies on species other than their own.
USS Shenzhou first officer Michael Burnham was a xenoanthropologist. In 2256, when asked by Philippa Georgiou what she would do if she was stranded for several years on the homeworld of the Crepusculans, she told her that as a xenoanthropologist, she could reveal herself to them and integrate into their culture. (DIS: "The Vulcan Hello")
Sam Kirk served as a xenoanthropologist aboard the USS Enterprise. (SNW: "Lost in Translation")