A phonograph
A Teplan phonograph
Janeway's phonograph
A phonograph or record player was an Earth device used in the 19th and 20th century for the purpose of playing vinyl records, particularly musical compositions.
In an alternate timeline, Jonathan Archer and Alicia Travers listened to "My Old Flame", a song performed by singer Billie Holiday, playing on a phonograph. Since the Nazi occupation of the United States outlawed the playing of black music, the phonograph was moved to different dwellings throughout the building so as to disguise its exact location. (ENT: "Storm Front")
In the alternate reality, in the year 2259, James T. Kirk had a record player playing a Beastie Boys song in his apartment while having a threesome with a couple of Caitian women. (Star Trek Into Darkness)
A record player (far left) in Georgiou's ready room
Captain Philippa Georgiou had a record player in her ready room aboard the USS Shenzhou in 2256. (DIS: "The Vulcan Hello")
In Trevean's home on the Teplan homeworld, people who had entered the final stage of the Quickening could enjoy a last good meal with their friends and family before Trevean would administer them toxic herbs to "ease their suffering". A phonograph was among the many amenities he had in his house that would make taking the herbs easier for the dying Teplans. (DS9: "The Quickening")
Captain Kathryn Janeway kept a phonograph in her quarters aboard the USS Voyager. (VOY: "Eye of the Needle", "Prime Factors")
In 2399, a record player played a recording of "Blue Skies". (PIC: "Et in Arcadia Ego, Part 2")
In 2401 at Château Picard, a record player was playing an Irma Thomas record. The song was "Time Is on My Side." (PIC: "The Star Gazer")
That same year, in the alternate timeline that the Confederation of Earth existed in, when Q came to Picard's chateau, he snapped his fingers, which caused the phonograph to play the song non, je ne regrette rien on Picard's phonograph. (PIC: "Penance")
While in his study at his house, Picard's old combadge from when he served on the USS Enterprise received a distress call from Doctor Beverly Crusher. While this was happening, Picard was sitting at his desk writing and listening to his phonograph, which was playing "I Can't Stop Crying" by Will Grove-White. (PIC: "The Next Generation")