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1978

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In 1978, the golden age of arcade video games began with Taito's release of Space Invaders, the first blockbuster in the history of video games. This led to video games expanding into a mainstream industry, while at the same time displacing electro‑mechanical games (EM games) in arcades.[1] However, the home console market in the United States was still experiencing the effects of the 1977 crash, which it would eventually recover from in 1980.

Space Invaders sets the record for the highest-grossing video game of all time, a record it still holds to this day when its revenue is adjusted for inflation. The year's best-selling home system was Nintendo's Color TV-Game 15 console, despite being only available in Japan, while the best-selling handheld electronic game was the audio game Simon.

Financial performance[]

The following table lists the annual sales and revenue generated by the electronic games industry this year, including video games and electro‑mechanical games. See sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Industry Products Market Unit sales Annual revenue (est.) Ref
Nominal Inflation
Electronic games United States 9,150,000 $2,661,000,000 $12,400,000,000
Japan 10,030,000+ $2,076,000,000 $9,700,000,000
Arcade games Worldwide 177,000+ $4,140,000,000 $19,000,000,000
Arcade Arcade games United States 70,000+ $2,200,000,000 $10,300,000,000 [2]
Japan 100,000+ $1,900,000,000 $8,900,000,000 [3][4]
Arcade video games Europe 7,000+ $40,000,000 $190,000,000 [5][6]
Electro‑mechanical games $1,750,000,000 $8,200,000,000
Arcade Electro‑mechanical games United States — $1,430,000,000 $6,700,000,000 [2]
Japan — $320,000,000 $1,500,000,000 [7]
Video games Worldwide 7,507,000+ $2,572,000,000 $12,000,000,000
Arcade Arcade video games Japan 100,000+ $1,600,000,000 $7,500,000,000 [7][4]
United States 70,000 $490,000,000 $2,300,000,000 [8][9]
Europe 7,000+ $40,000,000+ $190,000,000+ [5][6]
Worldwide 177,000+ $2,130,000,000 $10,000,000,000
Console Video game consoles United States 2,700,000 $250,000,000 $1,200,000,000 [8]
Worldwide 4,630,000 $356,000,000 $1,700,000,000
Dedicated consoles Japan 1,930,000 $106,000,000 $500,000,000 [10][11]
United States 1,800,000 $120,000,000 $560,000,000 [8]
Worldwide 3,730,000 $226,000,000 $1,100,000,000
Cartridge consoles United States 900,000 $130,000,000 $610,000,000 [8]
Video game cartridges United States 2,700,000 $86,000,000 $13,000,000 [8][9]
Console games United States 5,400,000 $336,000,000 $1,600,000,000
Worldwide 7,330,000 $442,000,000 $2,100,000,000
Video games Japan 1,930,000+ $1,686,000,000 $7,900,000,000
United States 5,470,000 $826,000,000 $3,900,000,000
Handheld electronic games Worldwide 11,680,000 $195,000,000 $910,000,000
Handheld Handheld electronic games United States 3,680,000 $125,000,000 $580,000,000 [8]
Japan 8,000,000 $70,000,000 $330,000,000 [12]
Electronic games Worldwide 19,187,000+ $4,777,000,000 $22,000,000,000

Highest-grossing games[]

Space Invaders was the top-grossing video game worldwide in 1978.[13] The following table lists the highest-grossing electronic games worldwide in 1978, including video games, electro-mechanical games (EM games), audio games and handheld electronic (HE) games across arcades and homes. See sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Rank Title Company Worldwide revenue (est.) Genre Type Platform
Nominal Inflation
1 Space Invaders Taito $1,340,000,000 $6,300,000,000 Shmup Video Arcade
2 Super Speed Race V Taito $62,000,000 $290,000,000 Racing
3 EVR Race Nintendo $56,000,000 $260,000,000 Medal EM
4 Color TV-Game 15 Nintendo $39,000,000 $180,000,000 Sports Video Console
5 Western Gun Taito $30,000,000 $140,000,000 Shooter Video Arcade
Space Wars Cinematronics $30,000,000 $140,000,000
7 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo $29,000,000 $135,000,000 Racing Video Console
Scratch Universal $29,000,000 $135,000,000 Block Video Arcade
9 Speed Race DX Taito $26,000,000 $120,000,000 Racing Video Arcade
10 Sprint 2 Atari $24,000,000 $110,000,000
11 EVR Basketball Nintendo $20,000,000 $93,000,000 Medal EM
12 Sea Wolf Midway $19,000,000 $89,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
Simon Milton $19,000,000 $89,000,000 Audio Audio Handheld
14 Color TV-Game 6 Nintendo $18,000,000 $84,000,000 Sports Video Console
Cosmic Monsters Universal $18,000,000 $84,000,000 Shmup Video Arcade
F-1 Namco $18,000,000 $84,000,000 Racing EM
17 Faro II Sega $16,000,000 $75,000,000 Medal EM Arcade
Circus Exidy $16,000,000 $75,000,000 Block Video
19 Sea Wolf II Midway $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Shooter Video
20 Super Bug Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing

Highest-grossing arcade games[]

The following table lists the highest-grossing arcade games worldwide in 1978, including both video games and electro-mechanical games. See sub-sections below for breakdown of revenue estimates.

Rank Title Company Worldwide revenue (est.) Genre Type Generation
Nominal Inflation
1 Space Invaders Taito $1,340,000,000 $6,300,000,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
2 Super Speed Race V Taito $62,000,000 $290,000,000 Racing
3 EVR Race Nintendo $56,000,000 $260,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
4 Western Gun Taito $30,000,000 $140,000,000 Shooter Video Discrete
Space Wars Cinematronics $30,000,000 $140,000,000
6 Scratch Universal $29,000,000 $140,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
7 Speed Race DX Taito $26,000,000 $120,000,000 Racing Video Discrete
8 Sprint 2 Atari $24,000,000 $110,000,000 Racing Video 8-bit
9 EVR Basketball Nintendo $20,000,000 $93,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
10 Sea Wolf Midway $19,000,000 $89,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
11 Cosmic Monsters Universal $18,000,000 $84,000,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
F-1 Namco $18,000,000 $84,000,000 Racing Electro-mechanical
13 Faro II Sega $16,000,000 $75,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
Circus Exidy $16,000,000 $75,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
15 Sea Wolf II Midway $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
16 Super Bug Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing
17 Starship 1 Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Shooter
18 Breakout Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Block Video Discrete
19 Night Driver Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing Video 8-bit
20 Sprint 1 Atari $15,000,000 $70,000,000

The following table lists the top-grossing arcade game of 1978 in various markets.

Top game Developer Distributor Market Unit sales Gross revenue (est.)
Nominal Inflation Ref
Space Invaders Taito Taito Japan 100,000[4] $1,200,000,000 $5,600,000,000 [4]
Midway USA 11,000[5] $100,000,000 $470,000,000 [14][15][16]
Europe 7,000[5] $40,000,000 $190,000,000 [6]
Space Invaders Taito Worldwide 118,000 $1,340,000,000 $6,300,000,000

Japan[]

In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1978, according to the third annual Game Machine chart, which lists both arcade video games (VG) and electro-mechanical games (EM games). Taito's Space Invaders was the first video game to become highest-grossing overall arcade game on the annual Game Machine charts, after the two previous charts were topped by an EM game, F-1 by Namco.[17][18]

Rank Title Company Rankings[17] Revenue
(est.)[n 1] 		Genre Type Generation
1 2 3 Points
1 Space Invaders Taito 48 7 4 162 $1,200,000,000[4][19] Shmup Video 8-bit
2 Super Speed Race V Taito 1 18 8 47 $62,000,000 Racing Discrete
3 EVR Race Nintendo 8 8 3 43 $56,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
4 Scratch Universal 3 4 5 22 $29,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
5 Speed Race DX Taito 3 4 3 20 $26,000,000 Racing Discrete
6 EVR Basketball Nintendo 3 2 2 15 $20,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
7 Cosmic Monsters Universal 2 3 0 14 $18,000,000 Shmup Video 8-bit
F-1 Namco 2 4 0 14 $18,000,000 Racing Electro-mechanical
9 Faro II Sega 1 3 3 12 $16,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
10 Shoot Away Namco 0 2 7 11 $14,000,000 FPS
King of Kings Universal 3 0 2 11 $14,000,000 Medal
12 Mogura Taiji TOGO 1 2 2 9 $12,000,000 Mole Electro-mechanical
Kentucky Derby Universal 2 1 1 9 $12,000,000 Medal
Acrobat Taito 1 2 2 9 $12,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
15 Submarine Namco 0 3 2 8 $10,000,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
Sū Ate Game[n 2] Universal 2 1 0 8 $10,000,000 Medal
Piccadilly Circus Konami 1 1 3 8 $10,000,000
Gee Bee Namco 1 1 3 8 $10,000,000 Action Video 8-bit
19 Harness Deluxe Fuji[n 3] 2 0 0 6 $8,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
Color Bingo Taito 0 3 0 6 $8,000,000
Super Breakout Namco 0 2 2 6 $8,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
22 Black Jack Sega 0 2 1 5 $7,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
TV Poker[n 4] Sigma[n 5] 1 1 0 5 $7,000,000
TV 21 Jatre 0 2 1 5 $7,000,000
25 Castle Take[n 6] Sankyo 0 1 2 4 $5,000,000 Block Video Discrete
Super High Point[n 7] Pabco[n 8] 0 2 0 4 $5,000,000 Medal Electro-mechanical
Pachipot 100[n 9] Apollo[n 10] 0 1 2 4 $5,000,000
28 Bank Robbers[n 11] Kasco 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
Pai Pai 45[n 12] Daito[n 13] 0 1 1 3 $4,000,000 Pachinko
Grand Prix Four Sega 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000 Medal
Harness Race Sega 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
Punto Banko Sega 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
Super Star Universal 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
VTR Race[n 14] Fuji[n 15] 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
The Derby Sigma[n 16] 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
Hitmaker[n 17] Pabco[n 18] 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
Animal Touch Shōwa[n 19] 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000
P.T. Nyankoro IPM 1 0 0 3 $4,000,000 Block Video 8-bit
Sprint 2 Namco 0 1 1 3 $4,000,000 Racing
40 Get A Way Universal 0 0 2 2 $3,000,000 Racing Video 16-bit
Clay Champ Namco 0 0 2 2 $3,000,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
Oni Nakase[n 20][20] Baba Kashio 0 1 0 2 $3,000,000 Shooter
Continental Mark V Universal 0 1 0 2 $3,000,000 Medal
Blue Shark Taito 0 0 2 2 $3,000,000 Shooter Video 8-bit
Star Fire Taito 0 1 0 2 $3,000,000
46 Heli-Shooter Sega 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 FPS Electro-mechanical
Osaru no Kagoya[n 21] Taito 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 Misc
Touch Action[n 22][21] Komaya 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 Action
Big & Small Universal 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 Medal
New Winter Book Universal 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000
Big Shot[n 23] Pabco[n 24] 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000
Million Dice Bonanza[n 25] 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000
Black Emperor[n 26] Waipu[n 27] 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000
Double Block Sega 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 Block Video Discrete
G.T. Block Challenger Sun 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000
Circus Taito 0 0 1 1 $1,000,000 8-bit
Market 116 116 116 696 $1,900,000,000[3]
Video games 449 $1,600,000,000
EM games 247 $320,000,000

United States[]

In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games in 1978.

Rank Title[22] Company Cabinet sales[8] Gross revenue (est.) Genre
Annual Cume Nominal[1][22] Inflation Ref
1 Space Invaders Taito 11,000[5] 11,000 $100,000,000 $470,000,000 [14][15] Shmup
2 Space Wars Cinematronics 10,000[23] 10,000 $30,000,000 $140,000,000 [23] Shooter
3 Sprint 2 Atari — 8,200[24] $20,000,000 $93,000,000 Racing
4 Sea Wolf Midway — 10,000[25] $19,000,000 $89,000,000 Shooter
5 Sea Wolf II Midway 4,000[25] 4,000 $15,000,000 $70,000,000 [26][15]
6 Super Bug Atari — 3,500[24] $15,000,000 $70,000,000 [15] Racing
7 Starship 1 Atari — 1,900[24] $15,000,000 $70,000,000 [15] Shooter
8 Circus Exidy — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Block
9 Breakout Atari — 11,000[24] $15,000,000 $70,000,000
10 Night Driver Atari — 2,100[24] $15,000,000 $70,000,000 [15] Racing
11 Sprint 1 Atari — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing
12 Clowns Midway — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Block
13 Fire Truck Atari — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing
14 Laguna Racer Midway — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000
15 Robot Bowl Exidy — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Sports
16 Destroyer Atari — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Shooter
17 M-79 Ramtek — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000
18 Drag Race Atari — 1,900[24] $15,000,000 $70,000,000 [15] Racing
19 Sprint 4 Atari — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Racing
20 Double Play Midway — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Sports
21 Boot Hill Taito — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000 Shooter
22 Comotion Sega — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000
Datsun 280 ZZZAP Taito — — $15,000,000 $70,000,000
Gun Fight Taito — 8,600[27] $15,000,000 $70,000,000
25 Sky Raider Atari — Shooter
LeMans Atari — Racing
Meadows Lanes Meadows — Sports
Bazooka PSE — Shooter
Desert Patrol PSE

Home market[]

Best-selling systems[]

Rank System Company Sales Gross revenue (est.) Type Generation Ref
1 Color TV-Game 15 Nintendo 700,000 $39,000,000 Console First [28]
2 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo 500,000 $29,000,000
3 Color TV-Game 6 Nintendo 500,000 $18,000,000
4 Atari VCS Atari 300,000 $54,000,000 Console Second [29][30]
5 Bandai Baseball Bandai 300,000 $9,000,000 Handheld N/A [31]
6 Epoch TV Baseball Epoch 230,000 $20,000,000 Console First [28]
7 TRS-80 Tandy 150,000 N/A Computer 8-bit [32]
8 Fairchild Channel F Fairchild 50,000 $7,500,000 Console Second [30][33]
9 APF-MP1000 APF Electronics 50,000 $6,500,000 Console Second [34][30]
10 Commodore PET Commodore 30,000 N/A Computer 8-bit [32]
11 Apple II Apple 20,000 N/A Computer 8-bit [35]
Home systems 2,958,000 $250,000,000
Game consoles 2,700,000 $250,000,000 [8]
Computers 258,000 N/A [32]

Best-selling games[]

Rank Title Company Sales Gross revenue (est.) Platform Type Ref
Nominal Inflation
1 Simon Milton 750,000 $19,000,000 $89,000,000 Handheld Audio [36][37]
2 Color TV-Game 15 Nintendo 700,000 $39,000,000 $180,000,000 Console Video [28]
3 Color TV-Racing 112 Nintendo 500,000 $29,000,000 $93,000,000
4 Color TV-Game 6 Nintendo 500,000 $18,000,000 $84,000,000
5 Mattel Football Mattel 500,000 $13,000,000 $65,000,000 Handheld LED [38][39]
6 Bandai Baseball Bandai 300,000 $9,000,000 $42,000,000 Handheld LED [31]
7 Combat Atari 300,000 $6,000,000 $28,000,000 Console Second [30][40]
8 Epoch TV Baseball Epoch 230,000 $20,000,000 $93,000,000 Console Video [28]
9 Hockey Fairchild 50,000 $1,000,000 $5,000,000 Channel F Video [30][41]
Tennis Fairchild 50,000
11 Microchess Micro-Ware 45,000 $980,000 $5,000,000 Computers Video [42][43][44]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ In 1978, Japanese arcades generated an estimated ¥400 billion ($1.9 billion) in gross revenue.[3] This includes an estimated $1.2 billion for Space Invaders alone. For other arcade games:
    • 534 points equivalent to $700 million = $1.31 million per point (est.)
  2. ↑ 数当てゲーム Sū Ate Gēmu
  3. ↑ 富士電子工業 Fuji Denshi Kōgyō
  4. ↑ TV ポー カー TV Pōkā
  5. ↑ シグマ Shiguma
  6. ↑ キャッスルテイク Kyassuru Teiku
  7. ↑ スーパーハイポイント Sūpā Hai Pointo
  8. ↑ ���ブコ Pabuko
  9. ↑ パチポット100 Pachipotto 100
  10. ↑ アポロ Aporo
  11. ↑ バンクロバーズ Banku Robāzu
  12. ↑ パイパイ 45 Paipai 45
  13. ↑ 大登工業 Daito Kōgyō
  14. ↑ VTR レース VTR Rēsu
  15. ↑ 富士電子工業 Fuji Denshi Kōgyō
  16. ↑ シグマ Shiguma
  17. ↑ ヒットメーカー Hittomēkā
  18. ↑ パブコ Pabuko
  19. ↑ 昭和遊園 Shōwa Yūen
  20. ↑ 鬼泣かせ
  21. ↑ おさるのかごや
  22. ↑ タッチアクション
  23. ↑ ビッグショット Biggu Shotto
  24. ↑ パブコ Pabuko
  25. ↑ ボナンザ・エンタープライゼス Bonanza Entāpuraizesu
  26. ↑ ブラック エンペラー Burakku Enperā
  27. ↑ ワイプ

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Coin-Op Amusement Industry Year-By-Year: 1978
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Smith, Keith (2014-04-12). The Golden Age Arcade Historian: The Coin-Op Amusement Industry Year-By-Year: 1978. The Golden Age Arcade Historian.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shibata, Yoko (June 28, 1979). "Electronic Games: Japan converts its Pachinko parlours" (in English). Financial Times. https://archive.org/details/FinancialTimes1979UKEnglish/Jun%2028%201979%2C%20Financial%20Times%2C%20%2327901%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n34/mode/1up.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?". Electronic Games 1 (1): 30-33 (31). Winter 1981. https://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/electronic_games/electronic_games_winter81.pdf#page=31. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Special Feature: Marketing the World's Hottest Game". RePlay. April 1979. https://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2013/11/video-game-myth-busters-space-invaders.html.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Durham, Tony. “Space-age pirates in a battle of wits.” Sunday Times, 16 March 1980, p. 63
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 See Japan section
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Video Game Sales: 1972-1999. Gaming Alexandria (June 7, 2021).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 1984. pp. 229. https://books.google.com/books?id=iXFqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229.
  10. ↑ See Home market section
  11. ↑ Home Electronic Games & Computers. 1979. p. 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=KnREAAAAIAAJ. "Japan
    *Home video games retail sales
    mil units
    1977   1.1
    1978   1.5
    Japan
    *Home video games sales
    mil US$
    1976   2.1
    1977   12.8
    1978   28.4"
  12. ↑ 昔(1970年代）のテレビゲームは何台売れた？ (How many old (1970s) video games sold?) (Japanese). Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (2014-01-09). Archived from the original on 2023-11-02.
  13. ↑ "After Pong". ACE (6): 29–32 (29). March 1988. 4 February 1988. https://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_06_1988-03_Future_Publishing_GB/page/n28/mode/1up.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 https://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.com/2013/11/video-game-myth-busters-space-invaders.html
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "What's new in games". The Pizza Times 2 (1): p. 3. May 1980. https://showbizpizza.com/info/documents/ptt/ptt_pizzatimes-1980.pdf#page=3.
  16. ↑ Sullivan, George (1983). "The First Big Hits". Screen Play: The Story of Video Games. F. Warne. pp. 38–47 (40). ISBN 978-0-7232-6251-0. https://archive.org/details/ScreenPlaytheStoryofVideoGames/page/n49.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "人気マシン・ベスト3". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (113): 2–3. February 1979. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790201p.pdf#page=2.
  18. ↑ "調査対象5年間のベスト1". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (159): 1. 15 February 1981. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19810215p.pdf.
  19. ↑ インベーダーブームのときの店舗比率 (Store Ratio During the Invader Boom) (Japanese) (2009-02-14).
  20. ↑ https://search.artmuseums.go.jp/search_e/records.php?sakuhin=8063
  21. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM1X1kCC--Q
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Play Meter Survey Results (The 'Winners' of '78)". Play Meter 4 (21): 18-25. November 15, 1978. https://archive.org/details/play-meter-volume-4-number-21-november-15th-1978/Play%20Meter%20-%20Volume%204%2C%20Number%2021%20-%20November%2015th%201978%20%28Compressed%29/page/18/mode/2up.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Bloom, Steve (1982). Video Invaders. Arco Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-668-05520-8. https://archive.org/details/book_video_invaders/page/n38.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Product: Total Build. Atari Games. 1999. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130510143012/www.atarigames.com/atarinumbers90s.pdf.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=ny-CAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 2011-04-09, "Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines. (A later color version sold an additional 4000 units.)"
  26. ↑ https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1979/CB-1979-07-21.pdf#page=47
  27. ↑ Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 First generation of video games
  29. ↑ Rubin, Michael (2006). "Eighteen: A Hole in the Desert [1982–1983"]. Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution. Triad Publishing Company. pp. 291-314 (292-3). ISBN 978-0-937404-67-6. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20060103185912/www.gamasutra.com/features/20051221/Droidmaker.Ch18.pdf#page=8.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Second generation of video games
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 昔(1970年代）のテレビゲームは何台売れた？ (How many old (1970s) video games sold?) (Japanese). Classic Videogame Station Odyssey (CVS Odyssey) (2014-01-09). Archived from the original on 2023-11-02.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Reimer, Jeremy (2005-12-15). Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures. Ars Technica.
  33. ↑ Kiplinger's Personal Finance. November 1978. p. 44. https://books.google.com/books?id=LAYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44.
  34. ↑ "The Imagination Machine - Georgia State University News -". Georgia State News Hub. 15 March 2018. https://news.gsu.edu/2018/03/15/the-imagination-machine/.
  35. ↑ "BYTE News... Radio Shack Has Over 50 Percent of Personal Computer Business". BYTE 4 (5): 117. May 1979. https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1979-05/page/n118.
  36. ↑ "Business Week, Issues 2610-2618". Business Week (2610-2618): 52. 1979. https://books.google.com/books?id=tjw7AAAAMAAJ. "But Milton Bradley's Simon, last year's runaway hit, is expected to repeat its role this year. Michael J. Moone, vice-president of MB's game division, says it will sell about 1.5 million units of the brain-teasing game — or approximately twice the number sold in 1978."
  37. ↑ Edwards, Benj. Simon Turns 30. 1UP. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
  38. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20010803064542/www.forbes.com/2001/08/02/0802tentech.html
  39. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=oK3D4i5ldKgC&pg=PA86
  40. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=MJwcAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA95
  41. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk80AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA74
  42. ↑ Oral History of Peter Jennings. Computer History Museum (February 1, 2005).
  43. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=y5c_AQAAIAAJ&dq=Microchess
  44. ↑ 1977
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