Extended Data Fig. 2: Results from the reader study—lung cancer screening on a single CT volume: reweighted.

a–e, Identical to Fig. 2, except that we took into account the biased sampling done in the selection of the NLST data released. This meant that examples in screening groups 3 (no nodule, some abnormality) and 4 (no nodule, no abnormality) were upweighted by the same factor by which they were downsampled (see Extended Data Fig. 1 for further details on the groups). Model performance shown in the AUC curve and summary tables is based on case-level malignancy score. LUMAS buckets refers to operating points selected to match the predicted probability of cancer for Lung-RADS 3+, 4A+ and 4B/X. a, Performance of model (blue line) versus average radiologist for various Lung-RADS categories (crosses) using a single CT volume. The lengths of the crosses represent the confidence intervals. The area highlighted in blue is magnified in b to show the performance of each of the six radiologists at various Lung-RADS risk buckets. c, Sensitivity comparison between model and average radiologist. d, Specificity comparison between model and average radiologist. Both sensitivity and specificity analysis were conducted with n = 507 volumes from 507 patients, with P values computed using a two-sided permutation test with 10,000 random resamplings of the data. e, Hit rate localization analysis used to measure how often the model correctly localized a cancerous lesion.