ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ
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Leonardo da Vinci | |
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![]() ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ | |
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ | |
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ | 15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1452, ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ (ⵜⵓⵙⵛⴰⵏⴻ) |
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ | ![]() |
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 2 ⵎⴰⵢ 1519 (ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴼ 67 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) |
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ |
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎ (فيزيائي), ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ(رياضياتي), ⴰⵊⵢⵢⴰⵔ (ⴰⵕⵚⵚⴰⵎ), ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼ |
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ | |
ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ | Caterina di Meo Lippi |
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Piero da Vinci |
ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴻⵔ ⴱⵉⴻⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ ( 14/15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1452 - 2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1519), ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵙⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ, ⵜⴰⴽⵍⵓⵜ, "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⴻ", ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴳⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵊⵏⵢⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ, "ⴰⵏⴰⵜⵓⵎⵉⴻ", ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ, "ⴱⴰⵍéⵓⵏⵜⵓⵍⵓⴳⵉⴻ", ⴷ "ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴱⵀⵉⴻ".
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⵛ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ, "ⴷⴻⵙⵉⴳⵏⵉⵏⴳ" ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ.
ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⵀⴻⵍⴻⵏ ⴳⴰⵔⴷⵏⴻⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ "ⵛⴰⵔⴰⵛⵜèⵔⴻ" ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵖⵎ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔ" ⴷ ⵓⵎⴻⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻⴰ ⴷⴻⵍ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴱⵖⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴳⵯⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ.
ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵀⴻ ⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵙⵓⴱⴱⴻⵔ (ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ), ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓⴼⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵡⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓⴼ). ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵀéⵍⵉⵛⵓⴱⵜèⵔⴻ", "ⵜⴰⵏⴽ", ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴹⴻⵏⵜ, "ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵛⵀⵓⵜⴻ", ⴰⵕⵓⴱⵓ, ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ "éⵏⴻⵔⴳⵉⴻ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵉⵔⴻ".
ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[edit | edit source]ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, 1452-1466
[edit | edit source]![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Study_of_a_Tuscan_Landscape.jpg/259px-Study_of_a_Tuscan_Landscape.jpg)
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ 15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1452, ⵖ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ, ⵖ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵔⵏⵓ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⴻⵔ ⴱⵉⴻⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵡⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵖⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵛⴰⵜⴻⵔⵉⵏⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴻⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵉⵖⵯⵉ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⴼ ⵙⵉⵙ, ⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ "ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴻⵔ ⴱⵉⴻⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ", ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ "ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵉⴻⵔ ⵓ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ".
ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵎⵎ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵛⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⴻⵔⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵊⴻⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻⵙⵛⵓ. ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴼ ⵜⴻⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵥⵥⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵓⵊⴳⵓⴳⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵢⵍ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵉⴹ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵙ ⵔⵔⵉⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ; ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵙⵓⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵅⵓ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⴷⵡⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ, 1466-1476
[edit | edit source]ⵖ 1466, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ 14 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ.
ⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴻⵛⵜⴰⴳⴻⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴻⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵔⵣⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ, ⴷⴷⵔⴻⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴻⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1200 ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⵎⴰⴱⵓⴻ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵓⵜⵜⵓ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⴻⵕⵕⴻⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴻⵙⵡⴰⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⴻⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⵀⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴻⵖ ⵙⴼⵉⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ-ⵢⴰⴹⴻⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⴻⵙ" ⴷ-ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⴻⵓⵔⵙ" ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴻⵃⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ-ⵜ ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ-ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴱⴻⵖⵔⴻⵏ ⵖ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴻⵎⵣ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⵛⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ-ⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⴻⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴱⴻⵔⴳⴻⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⴻⵊⵊⵉⵊⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ-ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵄⴻⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ-ⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⴻⴼⵔⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴻⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴻⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵄⴻⵔⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ; ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⵔⵓⵣⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉ-ⵙⴻⵏ ⵔⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ-ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ.
ⵜⴻⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴻⵇⵇⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ, ⵖⵉⴽ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴼ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴼⴻⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴻⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ, ⵜⴰⴽⵍⵓⵜ, "ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⴻ" ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⴷⴻⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⴻⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴳⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⵉⵄⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⴻⵎⵖⵓⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⴻⴱⴱⴰⵚⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴻⵙⵔⴰⵎⵜ.
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴻⵔⵜ-ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴻⴽⵍⴰⵡⴻⵏ-ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉ-ⵙⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴷ "ⵛéⵍèⴱⵔⴻ" ⵉⵎⴻⵇⵇⵓⵔⴻⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵀⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵉⵓ, ⴱⴻⵔⵓⴳⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵜⵉⵛⴻⵍⵍⵉ. ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ-ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴻⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⴻⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⴻⵙ ⴳⵉⵓⵔⴳⵉⵓ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵖ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴻⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵎ (ⴱⴰⴱⵜêⵎⴻ) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ-ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⴻⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵏⴻⴳⵍⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵥⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴻⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⴽ-ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴻⵙ-ⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⵛⵛⵉⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴻⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⴷ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴻⵖⴷⴻⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴻⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴻⴷⵎⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴻⵣⵣⵓⵎⴻⵏ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⴰⵇⴻⵀⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ "ⴱⴰⵛⴽⴳⵔⵓⵓⵏⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴻⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴻⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴻⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leonardo_Magi.jpg/250px-Leonardo_Magi.jpg)
ⵖ 1472 ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⴽ-ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴻⴽⴽⴰ 20 ⵓⵙⴻⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⴽⴻⵎ-ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ "ⴳⵓⵉⵍⴷ" ⵏ ⵙⵜ ⵍⵓⴽⴻ (ⵍⵓⴽⴻ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴻⵔⵙⴻⵍ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴻⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴻⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ-ⵏⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⴻⵔⵔⵓⵛⵛⵀⵉⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⴻⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵄⴻⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴼ ⵓⵢⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ-ⵜ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴻⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ 5 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1473, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴻⴼⵙⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, 1476-1499
[edit | edit source]ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⴻⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵏⵓⴱⵍⴻ", ⴰⵎⴰⴼⴽⴰⵢ, "ⴳⵔⴰⵛⵉⴻⵓⵅ" ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵖⴻⵣⵣⵉⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴻⴹⴹⴻⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴼⵔⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵥⵉⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴻⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ "ⵛⵀⴰⵔⵎⴻⵔ" ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⴻⵍ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴻⵛⵛⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵄⴻⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⴻⵔⴼⵉ.
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴻⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ-ⴷ ⵖ 1482 ⵢⴰⵜ "ⵍⵢⵔⴻ" ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⴻⴼ (ⵏⵏⵇⴻⵔⵜ) ⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⴻⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴻⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵖ ⵜⴻⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵎ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ ⵉⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵓ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵉⵙⴻⵏⵏⵓⵖⵊⵓⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴻⴱⴱⴰⴹⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵢⵓⵣⴻⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⴻⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⵛⵉ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵎⴻⵙⵇⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴻⴽ ⵉ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ ⵍⵢⵔⴻ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴻⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵣⴻⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ, ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⴻⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵃⵔⴻⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵄⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⵢⴰⵔⴰ-ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴻⴳⵣⴻⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ "ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴻⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵜ", ⵓⵔ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ-ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ-ⵏⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⴳⴻⵔ ⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ 1482 ⴷ 1499, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴻⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ "ⴷⴻⵙⵉⴳⵏ" ⵏ "ⴷéⴼⵉⵍéⵙ" ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵕⵏⴰⴱⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴻⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴻⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴻⴳⴷⴰⵍⴻⵏ "ⵉⵏⵛⵔⵓⵢⴰⴱⵍⴻ" ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴻⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Study_of_horse.jpg/220px-Study_of_horse.jpg)
ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴻⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴷⵙⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴻⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵉⵏⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⵄⴻⵔⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵙⵡⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵏⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵎ ⴳⵉⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⴰⵛⵓⵎⵓ ⵛⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔⴻⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⴻⵏ "ⵛⵓⵔⵍⵙ" ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴻⵖ ⵖⴻⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴻⴳⵍⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⴻⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵅⴻⵏⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⴻⵇⵇⴰⵏ, "ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵉ" ⵏⴻⵖ "ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵉⵏⵓ" (ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⴻⵏ "ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⴻⵥⵥⵉⵏ") ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ-ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ.
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵉ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⴻⵎⵎⴰⵄ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴽⴻⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴱⴻⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⴻⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴳⴻⵎⵎⵉ, ⵉⴷⴷ���ⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴻⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ 30 ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵏⴻⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ
[edit | edit source]ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴻⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ-ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴻⴱⴱⴰⴹ-ⵏⵏⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻⵙⵛⵓ ⵙⴼⵓⵔⵣⴰ. ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ-ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⴷⴻⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⵜⴻⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ-ⵏⵏⵙⵙ ⴼ "ⴰⵏⴰⵜⵓⵎⵉⴻ" ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ-ⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏⴻⵖ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ "ⴷⴻⵙⵉⴳⵏ"; ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ-ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⴻⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵎ "ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⵓ" (ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ), ⵉⴽⴽⴰ-ⵜ-ⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⴻⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴻⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵎⴳⴻⵕⵥⴰ. ⵖ 1494, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ-ⵙⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ "ⵛⴰⵏⵏⵓⵏⵙ" ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼⴻⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴷ-ⵉⴽⵛⴻⵎ ⵓⵙⴻⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵡⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ. ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⴻⵏ, ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ 1499 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵔⵎⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ-ⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴻⵏ, ⵙⵎⴻⵔⵙⴻⵏ-ⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴻⵍⵜ-ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵖⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵢⵢⴰⵛⵜ, ⵅⵍⵓⵏ-ⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ.
ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ
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ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴻⵇⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵖ ⵜ-ⵏⵏ-ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉ-ⵙⴻⵏⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ (ⵣⵣⵉⵜ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴻⵖⵔⴻⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴳⵯⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵎⵎⴻⴹⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵙⴻⵏ (ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵜⴻⵔⵏⵉⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵜⵀⴻ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵛⵓⵍⴰⵜⴻ ⵛⵓⵏⵛⴻⴱⵜⵉⵓⵏ), ⵉⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴻⵍ-ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵀⵉⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵟⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ-ⵏⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵓⴼⵔⴻ. ⵓⵔ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ-ⵉⵜⵙⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⴹⵍⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⴻⵏ,َ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴻⴷⴷⴰⵎ. ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ) ⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⵕⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ-ⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰ; ⵢⴰⵍⵍ-ⴷ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴻⴽ-ⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ-ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴻⵣⵡⵉ-ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⴻⵔⵔⵎⴻⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ-ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ, ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵛⴽⴳⵔⵓⵓⵏⴷ" ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴻⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴻⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴻⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵖ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
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ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ
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ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵜⴰ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ "ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵖⴹⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵀⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵖⵊⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ. ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⴷⵉ.
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴷⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵔⵔⴰ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ; ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵣⵣⴰⵣ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖⵯⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⴰⵡⵛⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵛⵟⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵀⵉⵡⴰⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵊⵓⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⴰⵔ.
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵥⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵓⴼⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ.
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ "ⴼⵔⵙⵛⵓ" ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ "ⵜⵎⴱⵔⴰ" ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵙⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ. ⵖⵉⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵛⴰ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵅⵎⵎⵊ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ, ⵜⵔⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵔ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, 1499-1513
[edit | edit source]ⵖ 1499, ⵙⴹⵔⵏ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⵛⵓ ⵉⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵓ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵣⵖ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⵍⵓⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⵉⵓⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵏⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴷⴰⵍ ��ⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ. ⵖ 1500, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵀⵉⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⴰⵎⵜ "ⵀⵓⵍⵢ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵏⵛⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.
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ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴷⴰⵎ
[edit | edit source]ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ; ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⴷⵜ, ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⵓⵀⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴷⴰⵎ (ⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵙⵜ). ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⵀⴹ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵥⵢⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵣⴼ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵙⴽⵓⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵢⴰⵔⵉ
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ⵖ 1502 ⴷ 1503, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵛⵉⵣⴰⵔⵉ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵊⴰ, ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵏⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ 1503, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷ "ⴳⵓⵉⵍⴷ" ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ (ⵙⵉⴳⵏⵓⵔⵉⴰ) ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ, ⵔⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ "ⴼⵔⵙⵛⵓⵙ" ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵖ ��ⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⵍⴰⴼ ⵎⵉⵛⵀⵍⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵙⵛⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⴼ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵢⴰⵔⵉ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵍⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵜⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⵕⵥⴰ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⴼⴰⵉⵍⵓⵔ" ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ, ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ "ⴼⵔⵙⵛⵓ", ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ (ⵣⵣⵉⵜ), ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⵓⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴱⵜⵔ ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵀⵍⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ.
ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ
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ⵖ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1503, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ (ⵣⵣⵉⵜ) ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵎ, ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ. ⵖ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵍⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵓⴼⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵍⵙ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵏⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ'ⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ (ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵛⵙ) ⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵣⵎⵓⵎⵎⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ : ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ ⴳⵉⴰⵛⵓⵏⴷⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴳⵉⴰⵛⵓⵏⴷⴰ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵚⴰⵏ", (ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ "ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵓ".)
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⵉⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵖ ⵣⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⴳⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵜⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵃ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ, ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰ "ⵙⴼⵓⵎⴰⵜⵓ" (ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴳⴳⵓ" ⵙ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ). ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵥⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵢⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵣⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, 1506-1516
[edit | edit source]ⵖ 1506, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍ. ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰⵡⵏ : ⴱⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⵓ ⵍⵓⵉⵏⵉ, ⴳⵉⵓⴼⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵓ ⴱⵓⵍⵜⵔⴰⴼⴼⵉⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵓ ⴷ'ⵓⴳⴳⵉⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ'ⵓⴳⴳⵉⵓⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵍⵓⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰ ⴱⵓⵍⵜⵔⴰⴼⴼⵉⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵊⵊⵓ, ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵥⵔ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[edit | edit source]ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
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- Jean Paul Richter (1970). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover.
- Paolo Rossi (2001). The Birth of Modern Science. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631227113.
- Bruno Santi (1990). Leonardo da Vinci. Scala / Riverside.
- Jack Wasserman (1975). Leonardo da Vinci. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-0262-1.
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- Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment, Design (review)
- Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090317061000/http://www.mnstate.edu/gracyk/courses/web%20publishing/Vasari_daVinci.htm Vasari Life of Leonardo] : in Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
- Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings
- Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
- Da Vinci Decoded Article from The Guardian
- The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?
- Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism
- Leonardo da Vinci, a biography with description of his major works, written for children; Tamsyn Taylor, 2020