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Timeline of the history of genetics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The history of genetics can be represented on a timeline of events from the earliest work in the 1850s, to the DNA era starting in the 1940s, and the genomics era beginning in the 1970s.

Early timeline

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The DNA era

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The genomics era

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In 1972, the first gene was sequenced: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein (3 chains in different colours).
  • 1972: Walter Fiers and his team were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.[46]
  • 1976: Walter Fiers and his team determine the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.[47]
  • 1976: Yeast genes expressed in E. coli for the first time.[48]
  • 1977: DNA is sequenced for the first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam working independently. Sanger's lab sequence the entire genome of bacteriophage Φ-X174.[49][50][51]
  • In the late 1970s: nonisotopic methods of nucleic acid labeling were developed. The subsequent improvements in the detection of reporter molecules using immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence, in conjunction with advances in fluorescence microscopy and image analysis, have made the technique safer, faster and reliable.
  • 1980: Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger developed methods of mapping the structure of DNA. In 1972, recombinant DNA molecules were produced in Paul Berg's Stanford University laboratory. Berg was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for constructing recombinant DNA molecules that contained phage lambda genes inserted into the small circular DNA mol.[52]
  • 1980: Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer received first U.S. patent for gene cloning, by proving the successful outcome of cloning a plasmid and expressing a foreign gene in bacteria to produce a "protein foreign to a unicellular organism." These two scientist were able to replicate proteins such as HGH, Erythropoietin and Insulin. The patent earned about $300 million in licensing royalties for Stanford.[53]
  • 1982: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the release of the first genetically engineered human insulin, originally biosynthesized using recombination DNA methods by Genentech in 1978.[54] Once approved, the cloning process lead to mass production of humulin (under license by Eli Lilly & Co.).
  • 1983: Kary Banks Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA.[55]
  • 1983: Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. McClintock studied transposon-mediated mutation and chromosome breakage in maize and published her first report in 1948 on transposable elements or transposons. She found that transposons were widely observed in corn, although her ideas weren't widely granted attention until the 1960s and 1970s when the same phenomenon was discovered in bacteria and Drosophila melanogaster.[56]
  • Display of VNTR allele lengths on a chromatogram, a technology used in DNA fingerprinting
    1985: Alec Jeffreys announced DNA fingerprinting method. Jeffreys was studying DNA variation and the evolution of gene families in order to understand disease causing genes.[57] In an attempt to develop a process to isolate many mini-satellites at once using chemical probes, Jeffreys took x-ray films of the DNA for examination and noticed that mini-satellite regions differ greatly from one person to another. In a DNA fingerprinting technique, a DNA sample is digested by treatment with specific nucleases or Restriction endonuclease and then the fragments are separated by electrophoresis producing a template distinct to each individual banding pattern of the gel.[58]
  • 1986: Jeremy Nathans found genes for color vision and color blindness, working with David Hogness, Douglas Vollrath and Ron Davis as they were studying the complexity of the retina.[59]
  • 1987: Yoshizumi Ishino discovers and describes part of a DNA sequence which later will be called CRISPR.
  • 1989: Thomas Cech discovered that RNA can catalyze chemical reactions,[60] making for one of the most important breakthroughs in molecular genetics, because it elucidates the true function of poorly understood segments of DNA.
  • 1989: The human gene that encodes the CFTR protein was sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui. Defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis.[61]
  • 1992: American and British scientists unveiled a technique for testing embryos in-vitro (Amniocentesis) for genetic abnormalities such as Cystic fibrosis and Hemophilia.
  • 1993: Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard Roberts awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery that genes in DNA are made up of introns and exons. According to their findings, not all the nucleotides on the RNA strand (product of DNA transcription) are used in the translation process. The intervening sequences in the RNA strand are first spliced out so that only the RNA segment left behind after splicing would be translated to polypeptides.[62]
  • 1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered. BRCA I was discovered by researchers at the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990 but was first cloned in 1994. BRCA II, the second key gene in the manifestation of breast cancer was discovered later in 1994 by Professor Michael Stratton and Dr. Richard Wooster.
  • 1995: The genome of bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.[63]
  • 1996: Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a yeast species, is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released.
  • 1996: Alexander Rich discovered the Z-DNA, a type of DNA which is in a transient state, that is in some cases associated with DNA transcription.[64] The Z-DNA form is more likely to occur in regions of DNA rich in cytosine and guanine with high salt concentrations.[65]
  • 1997: Dolly the sheep was cloned by Ian Wilmut and colleagues from the Roslin Institute in Scotland.[66]
  • 1998: The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, is released.
  • 2000: The full genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster is completed.
  • 2001: First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics.
  • 2001: Francisco Mojica and Rudd Jansen propose the acronym CRISPR to describe a family of bacterial DNA sequences that can be used to specifically change genes within organisms.
  • Francis Collins announces the successful completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003
    2003: Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy.[67]
  • 2003: Paul Hebert introduces the standardisation of molecular species identification and coins the term 'DNA Barcoding',[68] proposing Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) as the DNA Barcode for Animals.[69]
  • 2004: Merck introduced a vaccine for Human Papillomavirus which promised to protect women against infection with HPV 16 and 18, which inactivates tumor suppressor genes and together cause 70% of cervical cancers.
  • 2007: Michael Worobey traced the evolutionary origins of HIV by analyzing its genetic mutations, which revealed that HIV infections had occurred in the United States as early as the 1960s.
  • 2007: Timothy Ray Brown becomes the first person cured from HIV/AIDS through a Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  • 2007: The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) is set up as an international reference library for molecular species identification.[70]
  • 2008: Houston-based Introgen developed Advexin (FDA Approval pending), the first gene therapy for cancer and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, utilizing a form of Adenovirus to carry a replacement gene coding for the p53 protein.
  • 2009: The Consortium for the Barcode of Life Project (CBoL) Plant Working Group propose rbcL and matK as the duel barcode for land plants.[71]
  • 2010: Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (or TALENs) are first used to cut specific sequences of DNA.
  • 2011: Fungal Barcoding Consortium propose Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS) as the Universal DNA Barcode for Fungi.[72]
  • 2012: The flora of Wales is completely barcoded, and reference specimens stored in the BOLD systems database, by the National Botanic Garden of Wales.[73]
  • 2016: A genome is sequenced in outer space for the first time, with NASA astronaut Kate Rubins using a MinION device aboard the International Space Station.[74]

See also

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References

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