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List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty

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Commanderies of the Eastern Han dynasty in 219 AD

Local governments in the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) consisted of three levels of administrative divisions: provinces (cishibu 刺史部, or zhou), commanderies (jun) and counties (xian). The early Han dynasty inherited a two-tiered system of government composed of commanderies and counties from the Warring States (5th century BC – 221 BC) and the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC),[1] while 13 provinces were created on top of the existing hierarchy in 106 BC.

In each province, the central government assigned an Inspector (cishi, 刺史) to audit the administration of commanderies and kingdoms, from 106 BC to 1 BC and from 42 AD to 188 AD. In other periods, the position was replaced by a Governor (mu, 牧, literally "shepherd"), a higher-ranked official.[2] A commandery was under a Commandery Administrator (junshou, 郡守, before 148 BC) or a Grand Administrator (taishou, 太守, after 148 BC).[3] A county was governed by a Magistrate (ling, 令, for larger counties) or a Chief (zhang, 長, for smaller counties), who were the lowest local officials directly appointed by the central government. A special type of county, known as march (dao, 道), was used to administer certain areas with "barbarian" populations, especially on the frontiers of the empire.[4]

In early Han dynasty, chief followers and relatives of the emperor were granted kingdoms. However, independence of the kings gradually diminished. After the failed Rebellion of the Seven States, drastic measures were instated to limit the power of the kings.[5] From 145 BC onward, the central government controlled the appointment of all important officials in the kingdoms. Larger kingdoms were divided, and eventually the government of a kingdom became identical to that of a commandery. For example, the Chancellor (xiang, 相) was equivalent to a Grand Administrator.[5] Similarly, marquessates were administered in the same way as counties.[6]

By the end of the Western Han dynasty, the empire had 103 kingdoms and commanderies, as well as 1,587 counties. The Eastern Han census in 140 AD documented 99 kingdoms and commanderies, and 1,179 counties.[3][4]

Provinces

[edit]

There were 13 provinces in the Han Empire. The capital region, although similar to a province in size, was not assigned an Inspector, but was instead inspected by the Colonel Director of Retainers (Sili xiaowei, 司隸校尉).[2] The region was therefore often known as "Sili".

During the Western Han dynasty, the Inspectors were agents of the central government, and did not permanently reside in the provinces. The Inspectors/Governors were transferred to the local government only in 35 AD.[7]

Apart from the capital region, the 13 provinces are:

Province Extent
Yuzhou 豫州 S. and E. Henan, N. Anhui, N. Jiangsu, SW. Shandong
Jizhou 冀州 S. Hebei
Yanzhou 兗州 W. Shandong, NE. Henan
Qingzhou 青州 N. and E. Shandong, SE. Hebei
Xuzhou 徐州 N. Jiangsu, NE. Anhui, SE. Shandong
Jingzhou 荊州 S. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, parts of Guangdong and Guangxi
Yangzhou 揚州 S. Jiangsu, S. Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, parts of Henan and Hubei
Yizhou 益州 Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, S. Shaanxi, parts of Hubei and Gansu
Liangzhou 涼州 Gansu, Ningxia, NE. Qinghai
Bingzhou 并州 Shanxi, parts of Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia
Shuofang[note 1] 朔方 N. Shaanxi, Ordos and Hetao regions in Inner Mongolia
Youzhou 幽州 N. Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, northern Korea
Jiaozhi[note 2] 交趾 Northern and central Vietnam, Guangxi, Guangdong, SE. Fujian
  1. ^ Abandoned in 45 AD due to Xiongnu pressure. All remaining commanderies were transferred to Bingzhou。
  2. ^ Renamed to Jiaozhou (交州) in 203 AD

Commanderies

[edit]
Commandery Seat First established
[8][9]
Last dissolved
[8][9]
Population
(2 AD census)[10]
No. of counties
(Book of Han)[10]
Population
(140 AD census)[11]
No. of counties
(Book of Later Han)[11]
Province
Name Chinese Name Chinese
Jingzhao
[note 1]
京兆 Chang'an 長安 104 BC 682,468 12 285,574 10 Sili
Zuopingyi
[note 1]
左馮翊 Chang'an →
Gaoling
長安
高陵
104 BC 917,822 24 145,195 13 Sili
Youfufeng
[note 1]
右扶風 Chang'an →
Huaili
長安
槐里
104 BC 836,070 21 93,091 15 Sili
Weinan 渭南 206 BC 198 BC
Heshang 河上 206 BC 198 BC
Zhongdi 中地 205 BC 198 BC
Taichang
[note 2]
太常 Chang'an 長安 c. 145 BC 41 BC Sili
Henan
[note 1]
河南 Luoyang 雒陽 4th century BC 1,740,279 22 1,010,827 21 Sili
Henei 河內 Huai Emperor Gao's reign 1,067,097 18 801,558 18 Sili
Hedong 河東 Anyi 安邑 3rd century BC 962,912 24 570,803 20 Sili
Hongnong 弘農 Hongnong 弘農 113 BC 475,954 11 199,113 9 Sili
Yingchuan 潁川 Yangdi 陽翟 230 BC 2,210,973 20 1,436,513 17 Yuzhou
Runan 汝南 Pingyu 平輿 Emperor Gao's reign 2,596,148 37 2,100,788 37 Yuzhou
Xiping 西平 Xiping 西平 82 AD 88 AD Yuzhou
Yiyang 弋陽 Yiyang 弋陽 213 AD Yuzhou
Dang/
Liang

Dang →
Suiyang

睢陽
225 BC 106,752 8 431,283 9 Yuzhou
Pei Xiang Emperor Jing's reign 2,030,480 37 1,251,393
[note 3]
21 Yuzhou
Qiao Qiao 213 AD Yuzhou
Huaiyang/
Chen
淮陽
Chen 224 BC 981,423 9 547,572
[note 3]
9 Yanzhou →
Yuzhou
Xue/
Lu

Lu 224 BC 607,381 6 411,590 6 Yuzhou
Wei Ye 152 BC 909,655 18 695,660 15 Jizhou
Julu 鉅鹿 Julu →
Yingtao
鉅鹿
廮陶
228 BC 827,177 20 602,096 15 Jizhou
Guangping →
Pinggan
廣平
平干
Guangping 廣平 Emperor Wu's reign 82 AD[note 4] 198,558 16 Jizhou
Guangzong 廣宗 93 AD 93 AD Jizhou
Hengshan/
Changshan
恆山
常山
Yuanshi 元氏 228 BC 677,956 18 631,184 13 Jizhou
Zhending 真定 Zhending 真定 113 BC 37 AD 178,616 4 Jizhou
Zhongshan 中山 Lunu 盧奴 154 BC 668,080 14 658,195 13 Jizhou
Boling 博陵 Boling 博陵 158 AD Jizhou
Xindu/
Lecheng/
Anping
信都
樂成
安平
Xindu 信都 154 BC 304,384 17 655,118 13 Jizhou
Hejian 河間 Lecheng 樂成 Emperor Gao's reign [note 5] 187,662 4 634,421 11 Jizhou
Zhangwu 章武 Dongpingshu 東平舒 c. 213 AD Jizhou
Qinghe/
Ganling
清河
甘陵
Qingyang →
Ganling
清陽
甘陵
Emperor Gao's reign 875,422 14 760,418 17 Jizhou
Guangchuan 廣川 Guangchuan 廣川 107 AD 121 AD Jizhou
Handan/
Zhao
邯鄲
Handan 邯鄲 228 BC 349,952 4 188,381 5 Jizhou
Bohai 勃海 Fuyang →
Nanpi
浮陽
南皮
165 BC 905,119 26 1,106,500 8 Youzhou →
Jizhou
Jichuan/
Chenliu/
Jiyang
濟川
陳留
濟陽
Jiyang →
Chenliu
濟陽
陳留
144 BC 1,509,050 17 869,433 17 Yanzhou
Dong Puyang 濮陽 242 BC 1,659,028 22 603,393 15 Yanzhou
Jiyin/
Dingtao
濟陰
定陶
Dingtao 定陶 144 BC 1,386,278 9 657,554 11 Yanzhou
Chengyang 城陽 Ju →
Dongwu

東武
Emperor Gao's reign [note 6] 205,784 4 Yanzhou →
Qingzhou
Jidong/
Dahe/
Dongping
濟東
大河
東平
Wuyan 無鹽 144 BC 607,976 7 448,270 7 Yanzhou
Rencheng 任城 Rencheng 任城 84 AD 194,156 3 Yanzhou
Taishan 泰山 Fenggao 奉高 122 BC 726,604 24 437,317 12 Yanzhou
Ying Ying Emperor Xian's reign Unknown Yanzhou
Jibei 濟北 Boyang →
Lu
博陽
Qin dynasty 235,897 5 Yanzhou
Shanyang/
Changyi
山陽
昌邑
Changyi 昌邑 144 BC 801,288 23 606,091 10 Yanzhou
Boyang/
Jinan
濟南 Boyang →
Dongpingling
博陽
東平陵
201 BC 642,884 14 453,308 10 Qingzhou
Pingyuan 平原 Pingyuan 平原 Emperor Jing's reign 664,543 19 1,002,658 9 Qingzhou →
Jizhou
Laoling 樂陵 Yanci 厭次 213 AD Jizhou
Qiansheng/
Le'an
千乘
樂安
Qiansheng →
Linji
千乘
臨濟
110 BC 490,720 15 424,075 9 Qingzhou
Linzi/
Qi
臨菑
Linzi 臨淄 221 BC 554,444 12 491,765 6 Qingzhou
Beihai 北海 Yingling →
Ju
營陵
156 BC 593,159 26 853,604 18 Qingzhou
Zichuan 菑川 Ju 164 BC 37 AD 227,031 3 Qingzhou
Jiaoxi/
Gaomi
膠西
高密
Gaomi 高密 201 BC 37 AD 205,784 4 Qingzhou
Jiaodong 膠東 Jimo 即墨 219 BC 37 AD 323,331 8 Qingzhou
Donglai 東萊 Ye →
Huang

Emperor Jing's reign 502,693 17 484,393 13 Qingzhou
Changguang 長廣 Changguang 長廣 198 AD Unknown Qingzhou
Langya 琅邪 Langya →
Dongwu →
Kaiyang
琅邪
東武
開陽
221 BC 1,079,010 51 570,967 13 Xuzhou
Dongguan 東莞 Dongguan 東莞 198 AD Xuzhou
Dong'an 東安 Emperor Xian's reign Unknown Xuzhou
Donghai 東海 Tan Qin dynasty 1,559,357 38 706,416 13 Xuzhou
Licheng 利城 Licheng 利城 198 AD Xuzhou
Changlü 昌慮 Changlü 昌慮 198 AD 206 AD Xuzhou
Pengcheng/
Chu
彭城
Pengcheng 彭城 Qin dynasty 497,804 7 493,027 8 Xuzhou
Linhuai 臨淮 Xu 117 BC 79 AD 1,237,764 29 Xuzhou
Xiapi 下邳 Xiapi 下邳 72 AD 611,083 17 Xuzhou
Dongcheng 東城 Emperor Xian's reign Unknown Xuzhou
Dongyang/
Guangling
東陽
廣陵
Guangling 廣陵 Emperor Gao's reign 140,722 4 410,190 11 Xuzhou
Sishui 泗水 Ling 114 BC 37 AD 119,114 3 Xuzhou
Nanyang 南陽 Wan 272 BC 1,942,051 36 2,439,618 37 Jingzhou
Zhangling 章陵 Zhangling 章陵 Emperor Xian's reign Jingzhou
Nanxiang 南鄉 Nanxiang 南鄉 Emperor Xian's reign Jingzhou
Nan/
Linjiang/
Jiangling

臨江
江陵
Jiangling 江陵 278 BC 718,540 18 747,604 17 Jingzhou
Xiangyang 襄陽 Xiangyang 襄陽 208 AD Jingzhou
Linjiang/
Yidu
臨江
宜都
Yidu 宜都 208 AD Jingzhou
Hengshan 衡山 Zhu Qin dynasty 121 BC
Jiangxia 江夏 Xiling →
Shiyang/
Shaxian
西陵
石陽
沙羨
121 BC 219,218 14 265,464 14 Jingzhou
Qichun 蘄春 Qichun 蘄春 208 AD Yangzhou
Xiling 西陵 Yangxin 陽新 214 AD Unknown Jingzhou
Wuchang 武昌 Wuchang 武昌 220 AD Jingzhou
Lingling 零陵 Lingling →
Quanling
零陵
泉陵
111 BC 139,378 10 1,001,578 10 Jingzhou
Guiyang 桂陽 Chen Emperor Gao's reign 156,488 11 501,403 11 Jingzhou
Wuling 武陵 Suo →
Linyuan

臨沅
4th century BC 185,758 13 250,913 12 Jingzhou
Changsha 長沙 Linxiang 臨湘 221 BC 235,823 13 1,059,372 12 Jingzhou
Hanchang 漢昌 Hanchang 漢昌 210 AD Unknown Jingzhou
Jiujiang/
Huainan
九江
淮南
Shouchun 壽春 223 BC 780,525 15 432,426 14 Yangzhou
Fuling 阜陵 Fuling 阜陵 73 AD 206 AD Yangzhou
Zhang/
Danyang

丹陽
Guzhang →
Wanling →
Jianye
故鄣
宛陵
建業
Qin dynasty 405,171 17 630,545 16 Yangzhou
Xindu 新都 Shixin 始新 208 AD Yangzhou
Linchuan 臨川 Emperor Xian's reign Unknown Yangzhou
Lujiang 廬江 Poyang 鄱陽 219 BC 121 BC
Lujiang
[note 7]
廬江 Shu →
Wan

121 BC 457,333 12 424,683 14 Yangzhou
Lu'an 六安 Lu 121 BC 37 AD 178,616 5 Yangzhou
Kuaiji 會稽 Wu
Shanyin

山陰
222 BC 1,032,604 26 481,196 14 Yangzhou
Wu Wu 129 AD 700,782 13 Yangzhou
Yuzhang 豫章 Nanchang 南昌 202 BC 351,965 18 1,668,906 21 Yangzhou
Luling 廬陵 Xichang 西昌 195 AD Yangzhou
Pengze 彭澤 208 AD Unknown Yangzhou
Poyang 鄱陽 Poyang 鄱陽 210 AD Yangzhou
Hanzhong/
Hanning
漢中
漢寧
Xicheng →
Nanzheng
西城
南鄭
312 BC 300,614 12 267,402 9 Yizhou
Xicheng 西城 Xicheng 西城 215 AD Jingzhou
Shangyong 上庸 Shangyong 上庸 215 AD Jingzhou
Fangling 房陵 Fangling 房陵 215 – 219 AD Jingzhou
Ba/
Yongning

永寧
Jiangzhou 江州 316 BC 708,148 11 1,086,049 14 Yizhou
Badong Dependent States
[note 8]
巴東屬國 Fuling 涪陵 201 AD Yizhou
Ba/
Baxi

巴西
Anhan →
Langzhong
安漢
閬中
195 AD Yizhou
Dangqu 宕渠 Dangqu 宕渠 218 AD Yizhou
Guling/
Badong
固陵
巴東
Yufu 魚復 195 AD Yizhou
Guanghan 廣漢 Zitong →
Luo
梓潼
201 BC 662,249 13 509,438 11 Yizhou
Zitong 梓潼 Zitong 梓潼 217 AD Yizhou
Guanghan Dependent States/
Yinping
[note 8]
廣漢屬國
陰平
Yinping 陰平 108 AD 205,652 3 Yizhou
Shu Chengdu 成都 316 BC 1,245,929 15 1,350,476 11 Yizhou
Shu Commandery Dependent States/
Hanjia
[note 8]
蜀郡屬國
漢嘉
Hanjia 漢嘉 123 AD 475,629 4 Yizhou
Shenli 沈黎 Zuodu 筰都 111 BC 97 BC Yizhou
Yuesui 越巂 Qiongdu 邛都 111 BC 408,405 15 623,418 11 Yizhou
Wudu 武都 Wudu →
Xiabian
武都
下辯
111 BC 235,560 9 81,728 7 Yizhou →
Liangzhou
Wenshan 汶山 Wenjiang 汶江 111 BC Yizhou
Qianwei 犍為 Bi →
Bodao
Wuyang

僰道
武陽
135 BC 489,486 12 411,378 9 Yizhou
Jiangyang 江陽 Jiangyang 江陽 213 AD Yizhou
Qianwei Dependent States/
Zhuti
[note 8]
犍為屬國
朱提
Zhuti 朱提 107 AD 37,187 2 Yizhou
Zangke 牂牁 Gujulan 故且蘭 111 BC 153,360 17 267,253 16 Yizhou
Yizhou 益州 Dianchi 滇池 109 BC 580,463 24 110,802 17 Yizhou
Yongchang 永昌 Suitang →
Buwei
巂唐
不韋
69 AD 1,897,344
[note 9]
8 Yizhou
Longxi 隴西 Didao →
Xiangwu →
Didao
狄道
襄武
狄道
279 BC 236,824 11 29,637 11 Liangzhou
Jincheng 金城 Jincheng →
Yunwu
金城
允吾
81 BC 149,648 13 18,947 10 Liangzhou
Xiping 西平 Xidu 西都 Emperor Xian's reign Liangzhou
Tianshui/
Hanyang
天水
漢陽
Pingxiang →
Ji
平襄
114 BC 261,348 16 130,138 13 Liangzhou
Nan'an 南安 Huandao 豲道 188 AD 214 AD Liangzhou
Yongyang 永陽 Shanggui 上邽 193 AD 214 AD Liangzhou
Anding 安定 Gaoping
Meiyang →
Linjing
高平
美陽
臨涇
114 BC 143,294 21 29,060 8 Liangzhou
Xinping 新平 Qi 194 AD Liangzhou
Jiuquan 酒泉 Lufu 祿福 Emperor Wu's reign 76,726 9 12,706 9 Liangzhou
Zhangye 張掖 Lude 觻得 Emperor Wu's reign 88,731 10 26,040 8 Liangzhou
Zhangye Dependent States
[note 8]
張掖屬國 Emperor An's reign 16,952 5 Liangzhou
Zhangye Juyan Dependent States/
Xihai
[note 8]
張掖居延屬國
西海
Juyan 居延 Emperor An's reign 4,733 1 Liangzhou
Xi 西 Rile 日勒 195 AD Liangzhou
Dunhuang 敦煌 Dunhuang 敦煌 Emperor Wu's reign 38,335 6 29,170 6 Liangzhou
Wuwei 武威 Guzang 姑臧 Emperor Xuan or Emperor Yuan's reign 76,419 10 34,226 14 Liangzhou
Shangdang 上黨 Zhangzi 長子 5th century BC 337,766 14 127,403 13 Bingzhou
Leping 樂平 Zhan c. 215 AD Bingzhou
Taiyuan 太原 Jinyang 晉陽 247 BC 680,488 21 200,124 16 Bingzhou
Xinxing 新興 Jiuyuan 九原 215 AD Bingzhou
Yanmen 雁門 Shanwu →
Yinguan
善無
陰館
c. 300 BC 293,454 14 31,862 14 Bingzhou
Dai Sanggan →
Dai →
Gaoliu
桑乾

高柳
c. 300 BC 278,754 18 20,123 11 Bingzhou →
Youzhou
Yunzhong 雲中 Yunzhong 雲中 c. 300 BC 215 AD 173,270 11 26,430 11 Bingzhou
Dingxiang 定襄 Chengle 成樂 196 BC 215 AD 163,144 12 13,571 5 Bingzhou
Wuyuan 五原 Jiuyuan 九原 127 BC 215 AD 231,328 16 22,957 10 Shuofang →
Bingzhou
Shuofang 朔方 Shuofang →
Linrong →
Wuyuan
朔方
臨戎
五原
127 BC 215 AD 136,628 10 7,843 6 Shuofang →
Bingzhou
Shang Fushi →
Ya →
Fushi →
Xiayang
膚施

膚施
夏陽
c. 5th century BC 215 AD 606,658 23 28,599 10 Shuofang →
Bingzhou
Xihe 西河 Pingding →
Lishi
平定
離石
125 BC Emperor Ling's reign 698,836 36 20,838 13 Shuofang →
Bingzhou
Beidi 北地 Maling →
Fuping →
Chiyang →
Fuping →
Duiyu
馬領
富平
池陽
富平
祋祤
271 BC 210,688 19 18,637 6 Shuofang →
Liangzhou
Zhuo 涿 Zhuo 涿 117 BC 782,764 29 633,754 7 Youzhou
Shanggu 上谷 Juyang 沮陽 283 BC 117,762 15 51,204 8 Youzhou
Guangyang 廣陽 Ji 222 BC [note 10] 70,658 4 280,600 5 Youzhou
Yuyang 漁陽 Yuyang 漁陽 283 BC 264,116 12 435,740 9 Youzhou
Youbeiping 右北平 Wuzhong →
Pinggang →
Tuyin
無終
平剛
土垠
c. 3rd century BC 320,780 16 53,475 4 Youzhou
Liaoxi 遼西 Yangle 陽樂 c. 3rd century BC 352,325 14 81,714 5 Youzhou
Liaodong 遼東 Xiangping 襄平 c. 3rd century BC 272,539 18 Unknown 11 Youzhou
Liaodong Dependent States
[note 8]
遼東屬國 Changli 昌黎 Emperor An's reign Unknown 6 Youzhou
Xuantu (Hyŏnto) 玄菟 Fuzu (Pucho) →
Gaogouli (Koguryŏ)
夫租
高句驪
108 BC 221,845 3 43,163 6 Youzhou
Lelang (Rakrang) 樂浪 Chaoxian (Chosŏn) 朝鮮 108 BC 406,748 25 257,050 18 Youzhou
Lintun (Imtun) 臨屯 Dongyi (Tongni) 東暆 108 BC 82 BC Youzhou
Zhenfan (Chinpŏn) 真番 Shou (Sap) 108 BC 82 BC Youzhou
Canghai (Ch'anghae) 蒼海 128 BC 126 BC Youzhou
Daifang (Taepang) 帶方 Daifang (Taepang) 帶方 c. 213 AD Youzhou
Xiang Linchen 臨塵 214 BC 76 BC Yizhou
Nanhai 南海 Panyu 番禺 214 BC 94,253 6 250,282 7 Jiaozhi
Cangwu 蒼梧 Guangxin 廣信 111 BC 146,160 10 466,975 11 Jiaozhi
Yulin 鬱林 Bushan 布山 111 BC 71,162 12 Unknown 11 Jiaozhi
Hepu 合浦 Xuwen →
Hepu
徐聞
合浦
111 BC 78,980 5 86,617 5 Jiaozhi
Gaoxing/
Gaoliang
高興
高涼
Gaoliang →
Siping
高涼
思平
Emperor Huan's reign [note 11] Jiaozhi
Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) 交趾 Leilou (Luy Lâu)
Longbian (Long Biên)
羸𨻻
龍編
204 BC 746,237 10 Unknown 12 Jiaozhi
Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân) 九真 Xupu (Tư Phố) 胥浦 204 BC 166,013 7 209,894 5 Jiaozhi
Rinan (Nhật Nam) 日南 Zhuwu (Chu Ngô) →
Xiquan (Tây Quyển)
朱吾
西捲
111 BC 69,485 5 100,676 5 Jiaozhi
Zhuya 珠崖 Shendu 瞫都 110 BC 46 BC Jiaozhi
Dan'er 儋耳 Dan'er 儋耳 110 BC 46 BC Jiaozhi
  1. ^ a b c d While usually listed alongside commanderies, Jingzhao, Zuopingyi, Youfufeng were not commanderies themselves. Instead, Jingzhao was governed by the Intendant of the Capital. Zuopingyi and Youfufeng were also titles of the officials that administer the two regions. The three regions in the Guanzhong Plain, collectively known as "Sanfu" (三輔), were briefly divided into regular commanderies (Weinan, Heshang and Zhongdi) in the first years of the Former Han. From 198 BC to 104 BC, they were overseen by the Clerk of the Capital (Neishi 內史). There were two Clerks of the Capital ("left", Zuo Neishi; and "right", You Neishi) from Emperor Wen's reign onward, who were in charge of the northern and southern halves of the region, respectively.[12] Henan was administered in a similar way to Jingzhao during the Eastern Han period.
  2. ^ A special commandery in charge of imperial mausoleums[13]
  3. ^ a b Corrected based on commentary in 曹金华 (2014). 后汉书稽疑. p. 1511.
  4. ^ Dissolved in 37 AD, reestablished in 60 AD
  5. ^ Dissolved in 37 AD, reestablished in 90 AD
  6. ^ Dissolved in 37 AD, reestablished in 198 AD
  7. ^ A separate commandery from the first Lujiang Commandery
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Dependent States were institutions that governed non-Han peoples in the empire. Their chief officials were known as Chief Commandants (duwei, 都尉). Most Dependent States were subordinate to commanderies. However, six important Dependent States were elevated to full commandery status during Emperor An's reign.[14]
  9. ^ Disputed
  10. ^ Dissolved in 37 AD, reestablished in 96 AD
  11. ^ Dissolved during Emperor Ling's reign, reestablished in 220 AD

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Lewis 1999, p. 614.
  2. ^ a b Bielenstein 1980, p. 90.
  3. ^ a b Bielenstein 1980, p. 92.
  4. ^ a b Bielenstein 1980, pp. 99–100.
  5. ^ a b Bielenstein 1980, pp. 105–107.
  6. ^ Bielenstein 1980, p. 108.
  7. ^ Bielenstein 1980, pp. 91–92.
  8. ^ a b Zhou 1987, pp. 259–302.
  9. ^ a b Li 1999, pp. 282–365.
  10. ^ a b Book of Han, Chapter 28.
  11. ^ a b Book of Later Han, Chapters 110–113.
  12. ^ Zhou 1987, pp. 129–132.
  13. ^ Zhou 1987, pp. 129–134.
  14. ^ Li 1999, pp. 118–119.

Sources

[edit]
  • Bielenstein, Hans (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-75972-7.
  • Lewis, Mark E. (1999). "Warring States: Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
  • Li Xiaojie (1999). Donghan Zhengqu Dili [Administrative Geography of the Eastern Han Dynasty] (in Chinese). Jinan: Shandong Education Press. ISBN 978-7-532-82841-8.
  • Zhou Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili [Administrative Geography of the Western Han Dynasty] (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Press. ISBN 978-7-100-12898-8.