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1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia

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2010–2015 Term of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly

Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional
Type
Type
HousesSenate
Chamber of Deputies
Leadership
President of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly (ex oficio as Vice President)
President of the Senate
President of the Chamber of Deputies
Betty Asunta Tejada Soruco, MAS-IPSP[2]
Structure
Seats166
36 Senators
130 Deputies
Senate political groups
  •   MAS-IPSP (26)
  •   PPB-CN (10)
Chamber of Deputies political groups
Elections
Proportional representation system by department
Chamber of Deputies voting system
Mixed member system
Last Senate election
6 November 2009
Last Chamber of Deputies election
6 November 2009
Next Senate election
5 October 2014
Next Chamber of Deputies election
5 October 2014
Meeting place
Website
http://www.senado.bo
http://www.diputados.bo

The 2010–2015 Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia was the first class of the Bolivian legislature, also known as the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, to go by that name. The Assembly was controlled in both houses by the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP), elected with a 2/3 supermajority, although some members later separated themselves from the majority. Just four incumbent members of the 2005–2010 Congress returned: Deputy Antonio Franco; Deputy Javier Zabaleta (MAS-IPSP/MSM); Senator René Martínez (MAS-IPSP), who was a deputy; and Senator Róger Pinto, previously of Podemos and now representing PPB-CN.[3]

The Assembly was elected as part of general elections on 9 December 2009. After the votes were counted, party strengths in Congress were as follows:

Party Votes Percentage Deputies Senators
  Movement for Socialism 2.943.209 64,22 88 26
  Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence 1.212.795 26,46 37 10
  National Unity Front 258.971 5,65 3
  Social Alliance 106.027 2,31 2
  Social Patriotic Unity Movement 23.257 0,51
  People 15.627 0,34
  Peoples for Liberty and Sovereignty 12.995 0,28
  Social Democratic Bolivia 9.905 0,22
Source: Comisión Nacional Electoral

As part of a break between the MAS-IPSP and its ally the Without Fear Movement (MSM), the latter party's four deputies, elected on the MAS slate pledged in late March 2010, "to act in accord with our political identity, with our conscience, and with the people who elected us with their vote." Consequently, MAS-IPSP had 84 members in the Chambers of Deputies, while the MSM has four.[4] However, two MSM deputies re-affiliated with the MAS-IPSP.[5][6] In late 2011, at least five indigenous deputies distanced themselves from the MAS-IPSP and announced the formation of an Indigenous Bloc in the Assembly, independent of the MAS. While the Assembly's leadership has yet to officially recognize these two defections, the MAS now controls less than two-thirds of all Assembly seats.[7]

Senate

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The latest President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010 and serving until her death on 26 October of that year, was Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Romero had been on medical leave since February 2010, and René Martínez (MAS-IPSP, Chuquisaca) served as interim President in her absence. Martínez was confirmed as Senate President on 1 November. Martha Poma Luque (MAS-IPSP, La Paz) was elected the same day to serve as Vice President of the Senate, the first woman de pollera to hold that office.[8] Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women.[9][10] The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija.[3]

Romero's substitute, Javier Hurtado Mercado, served as senator in her place, but resigned 15 May 2010.[11] Her seat was filled by Mary Constancia Medina Zabaleta, the substitute for Eugenio Rojas.[12]

Department Senator Party
  Chuquisaca René Óscar Martínez Callahuanca MAS
  Chuquisaca Nélida Sifuentes Cueto MAS
  Chuquisaca David Sánchez Heredia MAS
  Chuquisaca Luis Gerald Ortiz Alba PPB
  La Paz Mary Constancia Medina Zabaleta
formerly: Ana María Romero
MAS
  La Paz Eugenio Rojas Apaza MAS
  La Paz Martha Poma Luque MAS
  La Paz Fidel Andrés Surco Cañasaca MAS
  Cochabamba Gonzalo Adolfo Ramón Mendoza Leigue MAS
  Cochabamba Marcelina Chavez Salazar MAS
  Cochabamba Julio Salazar MAS
  Cochabamba Bernard Osvaldo Gutiérrez Sanz PPB
  Oruro Sandra Lilian Soriano Bascopé MAS
  Oruro Andrés Agustín Villca Daza MAS
  Oruro Roxana Camargo Fernández MAS
  Oruro Mario Choque Gutiérrez MAS
  Potosí Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre MAS
  Potosí Carmen García Mamani MAS
  Potosí Efraín Condori López MAS
  Potosí Clementina Garnica Cruz MAS
  Tarija Rhina Aguirre Amezaga MAS
  Tarija Juan Enrique Jurado Ruiz MAS
  Tarija Marcelo Eulogio Antezana Ruiz PPB
  Tarija Maria Elena Mendez Leon PPB
  Santa Cruz Lilly Gabriela Montaño Viaña MAS
  Santa Cruz Isaac Ávalos Cuchallo MAS
  Santa Cruz Germán Antelo Vaca PPB
  Santa Cruz Centa Lothy Rek López PPB
  Beni Freddy Bersatti Tudela MAS
  Beni Zonia Guardia Melgar MAS
  Beni Carlos Alberto Sonnenschein Antelo PPB
  Beni Jeanine Áñez Chávez PPB
  Pando Manuel Limachi Quispe MAS
  Pando Mirtha Da Costa Ferreira MAS
  Pando Roger Pinto Molina PPB
  Pando Carmen Eva Gonzales Lafuente PPB

Commissions

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The Senate has ten legislative commissions (Spanish: comisión legislativa), each with two subordinate committees, whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 2 February 2011, is as follows:

Commission President Party of President
Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Eugenio Rojas Apaza MAS
Plural Justice, Prosecutor's Office (Spanish: Ministerio Público), and Legal Defense of the State Sandra Soriano Bascopé MAS
States Security, Armed Forces, and Bolivian Police Freddy Bersatti Tudela MAS
Economic Policy, Planning, and Finance Mario Choque Gutiérrez MAS
Social Policy, Education, and Health Germán Antelo Vaca CN
International Policy Juan Enrique Jurado Ruíz MAS
Land and Territory, Natural Resources, and Environment Julio Salazar MAS
Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Mirtha Da Costa Ferreira MAS
Indigenous Originary Peasant Nations and Peoples, and Interculturality Marcelo Eulogio Antezana Ruiz CN
Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Fidel Surco Cañasaca MAS
Source: "Senado definió comisiones y comités sin la oposición". Los Tiempos. 2 February 2011. p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

Chamber of Deputies

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The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women.[13] Four parties elected deputies, the MAS-IPSP (including members of the Without Fear Movement) holds 88; the Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence holds 37; the National Unity Front has 3; and Social Alliance holds 2.[14] Sixty-nine seats were elected by individual districts (uninominal seats); 53 were elected from lists provided by each party in each department, with the number of such deputies determined by population (plurinominal seats); and seven were elected by minority indigenous peoples in the seven of the country's departments (all except Chuquisaca and Potosí).[14][15] Altogether, 41 of the deputies were indigenous, including 9 women.[16]

Department Circumscription Party Senator Substitute
  Chuquisaca Plurinominal MAS Marianela Paco Durán Juan Carlos Apaza Macías
  Chuquisaca Plurinominal MAS Efraín Balderas Chávez Marylin Partes Amachuy
  Chuquisaca Plurinominal MAS Flora Aguilar Fernández Rodolfo Avilés Ayma
  Chuquisaca Plurinominal PPB René Vidal León Virginia Segundina Ramírez Vedia
  Chuquisaca Plurinominal PPB Arminda Epifania Morales Calvimontes Jaime Delgadillo Velásquez
  Chuquisaca C. 01 PPB Juan Luis Gantier Zelada Claudia Evelyn Ampuero Padilla
  Chuquisaca C. 02 PPB Pedro Medrano Reyes No Substitute
  Chuquisaca C. 03 MAS Eliseo Sesgo Mostacedo Laura Reyna Zarate
  Chuquisaca C. 04 MAS Juan Barriga Montero Ana Rodas Cuéllar
  Chuquisaca C. 05 MAS Carlos Aparicio Vedia Vicenta Zabala Rentería
  Chuquisaca C. 06 MAS Irineo Condori Carlos Esperanza Guevara
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Héctor Enrique Arcé Zaconeta Adelia Álvarez
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Gilda Alcira Oporto Barrozo Emilio Ruffo Rocha
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Wilfredo Calani Choque Maria Alanoca
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Carmen Leonor Rodríguez Bolaños Elias Quelca Mamani
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Jorge Adalberto Choquetarqui Jahuircata Paulina Rodríguez Huaras
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Patricia Mancilla Martínez Antonio Eliseo Suxo Suxo
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Rodolfo Calle Inca Maribel Teresa Vargas Sarabia
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Julia Figueredo Eufrén Carlos Troche Jiménez
  La Paz Plurinominal MAS Donato Rubén Callisaya Mayta Lidia Paucara Mancilla
  La Paz Plurinominal PPB Alejandro Northon Zapata Avendaño Blanca Constancia Gonzales Ríos
  La Paz Plurinominal PPB Ana María Sempértegui Andrés Rolando Ortega Tarifa
  La Paz Plurinominal UN Rita Elisabet Reyes Limpias Willy Aguilar Febrero
  La Paz Plurinominal UN Jaime Rolando Navarro Tardío Flora Oyardo Mamani
  La Paz C. 07 MAS Samuel Domingo Pamuri Mamani Benancia Gutiérrez Flores
  La Paz C. 08 MAS Javier Eduardo Zavaleta López Gabriela Rosario Medina Garrón
  La Paz C. 09 MSM Fabian II Yaksic Feraudy Basilia Victoria Quispe
  La Paz C. 10 MSM Miriam Marcela Revollo Quiroga José Ángel Callao Jimenes
  La Paz C. 11 MAS Osvaldo Guillermo Torrez Arisaca Felicidad Suazo
  La Paz C. 13 MAS Benedicta García Rogelio Maydana Apaza
  La Paz C. 14 MAS Lucio Marca Mamani Carol Mireya Montaño Rocha
  La Paz C. 15 MAS Roberto Rojas Herrera Enriqueta Villarroel Poma
  La Paz C. 16 MAS Hugo Mujica Aguilar Carmen Susana Tellería Quispe
  La Paz C. 17 MAS Lucio Huaycho Nina Evarista María Mayta
  La Paz C. 18 MAS Javier Adelio Paucara Llojlla Pastora Jove
  La Paz C. 19 MAS David Quispe Balboa Genara Julia Quisbert Cuentas
  La Paz C. 20 MAS Quintín Quispe Chura Mercedes Mamani Tristán
  La Paz C. 21 MAS Martín Quispe Julián María Tupa Lovera
  La Paz C. 22 MAS Samuel Plata Plata Domitila Alcira Flores Cortez
  La Paz Indigenous 2 MAS Jorge Medina Barra Blanca Marilin Cartagena Chuqui
  Cochabamba Plurinominal MAS Rebeca Elvira Delgado Samuel Pereira Ágreda
  Cochabamba Plurinominal MAS José Raúl Alborta Siles Nora Revollo Balderrama
  Cochabamba Plurinominal MAS Cecilia Luisa Ayllón Saúl Limbert Garabito Condori
  Cochabamba Plurinominal MAS Javier Adrián Santiváñez Camacho Cinda Romero
  Cochabamba Plurinominal MAS Ibonne Daysi Luna Zeballos Néstor Rivera Solís
  Cochabamba Plurinominal PPB Mauricio Ramiro Arturo Muñoz Encinas Gladys Blanca Prieto Moreira
  Cochabamba Plurinominal PPB Norma Alicia Piérola Apolinar Rivera Muñoz
  Cochabamba Plurinominal PPB José Hernán Paredes Sánchez Ximena Nevenca Grágeda Orellana
  Cochabamba C. 12 MAS Omar Velasco Pérez Cresencia Alberta Padilla Flores
  Cochabamba C. 23 PPB David Ángel Mejía Gareca Neyva Paola Irma Zapata Montaño
  Cochabamba C. 24 PPB Javier Alex Orozco Rosas María Alejandra Prado Richter
  Cochabamba C. 25 MAS Juan Carlos Claros Rodríguez Natividad Choque Laura
  Cochabamba C. 26 MAS Evaristo Peñaloza Alejo Wilma Alejandrina Quiroz Mercado
  Cochabamba C. 27 MAS Eugenio Luna Quintana Miguelina Villarroel Lafuente
  Cochabamba C. 28 MAS José Félix Mendieta Villarroel Marcelina Villarroel Marín
  Cochabamba C. 29 MAS Esteban Ramírez Torrico Olivia Reyes García
  Cochabamba C. 30 MAS Nelson Virreira Meneces Juliana Mamani
  Cochabamba C. 31 MAS Pedro Gutiérrez Cruz Roberta Tinta Quiroga
  Cochabamba Indigenous 3 MAS Eleuterio Guzmán Zelada Luisa Guaguasu Isategua
  Oruro Plurinominal MAS Freddy German Huayta Veliz Erika Margoth Manardy Canaviri
  Oruro Plurinominal MAS María Magdalena Chuca Gutiérrez Doroteo Martínez Quinaya
  Oruro Plurinominal PPB Franz Gróver Choque Ulloa Anghela Mejía Montecinos
  Oruro C. 32 MAS Nelly Núñez Zegarra Benjamín Flores Onori
  Oruro C. 33 MAS Marcelo William Elío Chávez Gliselda Mirian Blanco Apaza
  Oruro C. 34 MAS Ever Lucas Moya Zarate Cornelia Flores Choque
  Oruro C. 35 MAS Edgar Contaja Huayta Beatriz Flora Guzmán Gómez
  Oruro C. 36 MAS Jaime Medrano Veizaga Guillermina Astete Choquevillca
  Oruro Indigenous 4 MAS Benigno Quispe Mamani Toribia Álvaro Moya
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Benito Ramos Calizaya Francisca Mamani Canaviri
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Flora Largo Pumari Hugo Garcia Méndez
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Adolfo Ocampo Melgarejo Gladys Vargas Escobar
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Agripina Ramírez Nava Justino Leaño Quispe
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Felipe Molloja Báez Alejandra Cazón Ángelo
  Potosí Plurinominal MAS Emeliana Aiza Parada No Substitute
  Potosí C. 37 AS Ángel David Cortés Villegas Elizabeth Soto Mamani
  Potosí C. 38 MAS Juan Carlos Cejas Ugarte Victoria Tola Mendoza
  Potosí C. 39 MAS Luis Gallego Condori Filomena Mamani Crispín
  Potosí C. 40 MAS Richard Cordel Ramírez Zenobia León Rojas
  Potosí C. 41 MAS Severo Aguilar Gabriel Rita Callahuara Amajaya
  Potosí C. 42 MAS Eusebio Cruz Gonza Magdalena Condori Vargas
  Potosí C. 43 MAS Estanis Condori Cárdenas Felipa Huanca Mamani
  Potosí C. 44 MAS Pascual Huarachi Romero Delia Alejo Porco
  Tarija Plurinominal MAS Luis Bertin Alfaro Arias Carolina Mercedes Cazón Castrillo
  Tarija Plurinominal MAS Ninfa Huarachi Condori Carlos Sandro Borda Valdez
  Tarija Plurinominal PPB Adrián Esteban Oliva Alcázar Mirtha Natividad Arce Camacho
  Tarija C. 45 PPB Víctor Hugo Zamora Castedo Diana Patricia Paputsakis Burgos
  Tarija C. 46 PPB Roy Moroni Cornejo Raña No Substitute
  Tarija C. 47 MAS José Antonio Yucra Paredes Teresa Daine Blacutt Mendoza
  Tarija C. 48 AS Wilman Ramon Cardozo Surriabre Gladis Clara Mamani Quispe
  Tarija C. 49 MAS Raúl Altamirano Trujillo Senobia Gutiérrez Avendaño
  Tarija Indigenous 6 MAS Federico Salazar Sánchez Cristina Valeroso Cuéllar
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal MAS Betty Asunta Tejada Soruco Mauro Peña Siles
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal MAS Edgar Luis Fernández Gladys Aguilar Ramírez
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal MAS Segundina Flores Solamayo Heinz Darwin Choquerive Sossa
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Jorge Antonio Flores Reus Maria Odalis Reyes
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Adriana Gil Moreno Moisés Fanor Salces Lozano
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Rafael Darío López Mercado Jessica Roselin Echeverría Bravo
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Érica Roxana Claure Juan Carlos Becerra Oroza
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Javier Leigue Herrera Vanessa Moreno Otero
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Carmen Rosa Duran Soliz Felipe Garcia Pérez
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal PPB Jaime Estívariz Bustillos No Substitute
  Santa Cruz Plurinominal UN Oscar Antonio Franco Vaca Maria Cristina Viscarra Gil
  Santa Cruz C. 50 PPB Carlos Eduardo Subirana Gianella Verónica Aguilera Salazar
  Santa Cruz C. 51 PPB Maida Paz Callaú Rodolfo Landívar Alba
  Santa Cruz C. 52 PPB Rubén Darío Rojo Parada Miriam Terrazas
  Santa Cruz C. 53 PPB Tomás Xavier Monasterio Romay Ana Maria Vaca Salvador
  Santa Cruz C. 54 PPB Alcides Andrés Gallardo Ibarra Maria Anette Daher Tobía
  Santa Cruz C. 55 MAS Adriana Arias Agustín Rivas Brito
  Santa Cruz C. 56 MAS Edwin Tupa Tupa Marcelina Ramírez
  Santa Cruz C. 57 MAS German Alavi Canaviri Basilia Flores Arce
  Santa Cruz C. 58 PPB Luis Felipe Dorado Middagh Maria Del Carmen España
  Santa Cruz C. 59 MAS Wilson Changaray Taborga Inés Miranda Kama
  Santa Cruz C. 60 MAS Gonzalo Rodríguez Cámara Cirila Coro Elías
  Santa Cruz C. 69 MAS Franklin Garvizú Janco Dalcy Herrera Morales
  Santa Cruz C. 70 PPB Yusser Rolando Villarroel Garviso Rosario Leonor Torrico
  Santa Cruz Indigenous 7 MAS Bienvenido Zacu Mborobainchi Teresa Nomine Chiqueno
  Beni Plurinominal MAS Ingrid Loreto Zabala Escobar Jorge Callaú Allorto
  Beni Plurinominal MAS Miguel Ángel Ruiz Morales Katya Chávez Debrie
  Beni Plurinominal PPB Osney Martínez Daguer Yaqueline Emma Lavive Yáñez Simon
  Beni C. 61 PPB Mezoth Jose Shriqui Rapp Belia Antonia Cajiri Roca
  Beni C. 62 PPB Farides Vaca Suárez Carmelo Egüez Rodríguez
  Beni C. 63 MAS Antonio Molina Serrano Maria Gardenia Arauz Menacho
  Beni C. 64 PPB Einar Gozalves Beyuma Victoria Loras Ferreyra
  Beni C. 65 PPB Juan Carlos Ojopi Barba Leny Calle Rivera
  Beni Indigenous 8 MAS Pedro Nuny Caity Maria Sonia Justiniano Cujuy
  Pando Plurinominal MAS Galo Silvestre Bonifaz Carlin Haensel Inuma
  Pando C. 66 PPB Herbert Salvatierra Becerra Mariluz Gonzales Rodríguez
  Pando C. 67 MAS Juan Chamaro Nay Katerine greenr Achipa
  Pando C. 68 PPB Juan Rodríguez Lazo Sandra Alixon Claure Endara
  Pando Indigenous 9 PPB Julio Cortez Vira Bertha Ramallo Hurtado

Commissions

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The Chamber of Deputies has twelve legislative commissions (Spanish: comisión legislative), whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 28 January 2011, is as follows:

Commission President Party of President
Constitution, Legislation, and Electoral System Lucio Marca MAS
Plural Justice, Prosecutor's Office (Spanish: Ministerio Público), and Legal Defense of the State Cecelia Ayllón MAS
International Policy and Protection of Migrants Yusser R. Villarroel CN
Social Policy Antonio Franco UN
Economic Policy Planning and Finance Marcelo Elío MAS
Education and Health Alejandro Zapata MAS
Amazon Region and Environment Antonio Molina MAS
Human Rights Juan C. Cejas MAS
Government, Defense, and Armed Forces Irineo Condori MAS
Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Betty Tejada MAS
Indigenous Originary Peasant Nations and Peoples, Cultures, and Interculturality Jorge Medina MAS
Plural Economy, Production, and Industry Luis Alfaro MAS
Source: "MAS controla 10 comisiones y oposición sólo 2 en Diputados". Página Siete. 2011-01-29. p. 2.

References

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  1. ^ "Directiva del Senado". Cámara de Senadores. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  2. ^ "Directiva Camaral". Cámara de Diputados. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  3. ^ a b "MAS confirma 26 senadores, 85 diputados y asegura 2/3". FM Bolivia. 2009-12-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  4. ^ "Ruptura MAS-MSM llega a la Asamblea Legislativa Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine," La Prensa, 27 March 2010.
  5. ^ "Diputado Samuel Pamuri niega militancia en MSM". El Diario. 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  6. ^ "Diputado Javier Zavaleta no representa más al MSM". Los Tiempos. 2012-01-19. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  7. ^ "Bancada indígena no apoyará "dos tercios"". El Diario. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  8. ^ "Ratifican a Martínez en la presidencia senatorial". Página Siete. 1 November 2010.
  9. ^ "Ana María Romero de Campero elegida presidente del Senado Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Los Tiempos, 19 January 2010.
  10. ^ "IPU PARLINE database: BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF) (Cámara de Senadores), General information".
  11. ^ "El suplente de AnaMar, Javier Hurtado Mercado no volverá al Senado". Los Tiempos. 2010-10-27. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  12. ^ "Ratifican a René Martínez como presidente de la Cámara de Senadores". Los Tiempos. 2010-11-01. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
  13. ^ "IPU PARLINE database: BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF) (Cámara de Diputados), General information".
  14. ^ a b ABI, "Lista Nómina de Senadores y Diputados electos el 2009," 2009.
  15. ^ Corte Nacional Electoral, "Codificación de asientos electorales por departamento, mapas de Circunscripciones Uninominales y Especiales Indígenas," 2009.
  16. ^ Cabrero, Ferrán; Pop, Álvaro; Morales, Zully; Chuji, Mónica; Mamani, Carlos (2013). Ciudadanía intercultural. Aportes desde la participación política de los pueblos indígenas en Latinoamérica. Quito, Ecuador: PNUD. p. 53.