Foundations, Pitfalls, and Assessment of Multistakeholder Governance

• Abbott, K. (2012). The Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change, Environment and Planning. Government and Policy, 30, 571–590.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Agné, H. (2018). Legitimacy in Global Governance Research. How Normative or Sociological Should It Be? In J. Tallberg, K. Bäckstrand, & J. A. Scholte (Eds.), Legitimacy in Global Governance: Sources, Processes, and Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Bächtiger, A., Dryzek, J. S., Mansbridge, J., & Warren, M. (Eds.). (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Bäckstrand, K. (2006a). Multi-stakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Rethinking Legitimacy, Accountability and Effectiveness. European Environment, 16(5), 290–306.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bäckstrand, K. (2006b). Democratizing Global Environmental Governance? Stakeholder Democracy After the World Summit on Sustainable Development. European Journal of International Relations, 12(4), 467–498.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bäckstrand, K., Khan, J., Kronsell, A., & Lövbrand, E. (2010). Environmental Politics and Deliberative Democracy: Examining the Promise of New Modes of Governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power and Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Barrett, S. (2007). Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Beisheim, M., & Dingwerth, K. (2008, June). Procedural Legitimacy and Private Transnational Governance: Are the Good Ones Doing Better? (Report). SFB Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin, DE. https://www.sfb-governance.de/en/publikationen/sfb-700-working_papers/wp14/SFB-Governance-Working-Paper-14.pdf. Accessed 17 March 2020.

• Bernstein, S. (2005). Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance. Journal of International Law and International Relations, 1(1/2), 139–166.

  Google Scholar 

• Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2010). Governance Without a State: Can It Work? Regulation & Governance, 4, 113–134.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Boström, M., & Tamm Hallström, K. (2013). Global Multi-stakeholder Standard Setters: How Fragile Are They? Journal of Global Ethics, 9(1), 93–110.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Buchanan, A., & Keohane, R. O. (2006). The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions. Ethics & International Affairs, 20(04), 405–437.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Chambers, S. (1996). Reasonable Democracy: Jürgen Habermas and the Politics of Discourse. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Chambers, S. (2003). Deliberative Democratic Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 307–326.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Cheyns, E., & Riisgaard, L. (2014). Introduction to the Symposium: The Exercise of Power Through Multistakeholder Initiatives for Sustainable Agriculture and Its Inclusion and exclusion Outcomes. Agriculture and Human Values, 31(3), 409–423.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy. In A. P. Hamlin & P. Petitt (Eds.), The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State (pp. 18–34). Oxford: Wiley.

  Google Scholar 

• Dahl, R. (1957). The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201–215.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dentoni, D., Bitzer, V., & Schouten, G. (2018). Harnessing Wicked Problems in Multi-stakeholder Partnerships. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(2), 333–356.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dingwerth, K. (2007). The New Transnationalism, Transnational Governance and Democratic Legitimacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Dryzek, J. S. (1990). Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Dryzek, J. S. (2009). Democratization as Deliberative Capacity Building. Comparative Political Studies, 42(11), 1379–1402.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dryzek, J. S. (2011). Foundations and Frontiers of Deliberative Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Edmunds, D., & Wollenberg, E. (2001). A Strategic Approach to Multistakeholder Negotiations. Development and Change, 32, 231–253.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Elster, J. (1998). Introduction. In Jon Elster (Ed.), Deliberative Democracy (pp. 1–18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Faysse, N. (2006). Troubles on the Way: An Analysis of the Challenges Faced by Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Natural Resources Forum, 30, 219–229.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage.

  Google Scholar 

• Fortin, E. (2013). Transnational Multi-stakeholder Sustainability Standards and Biofuels: Understanding Standards Processes. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40, 563–587.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Franklin, M. I. (2013). Digital Dilemmas: Power, Resistance, and the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Fransen, L. W., & Kolk, A. (2007). Global Rule-Setting for Business: A Critical Analysis of Multi-stakeholder Standards. Organization, 14(5), 667–684.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Goldsmith, S., & Eggers, W. D. (2004). Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Grewal, D. S. (2008). Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. F. (2002). Deliberative Democracy Beyond Process. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 10(2), 153–174.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Habermas, J. (1999). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Hajer, M. A. (1993). Discourse Coalitions and the Institutionalisation of Practise. In F. Fischer & J. Forester (Eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (pp. 43–76). Durham and London: Duke University Press.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Hajer, M. A., & Wagenaar, H. (2003). Deliberative Policy Analysis, Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Hale, T. N. (2008). Transparency, Accountability and Global Governance. Global Governance, 14, 73–94.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hemmati, M. (2002). Multi-stakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability: Beyond Deadlock and Conflict. London: Earthscan.

  Google Scholar 

• Héritier, A., & Rhodes, M. (Eds.). (2011). New Modes of Governance in EU, Governing in the Shadow of Hierarchy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Hofmann, J. (2016). Multi-stakeholderism in Internet Governance: Putting a Fiction into Practice. Journal of Cyber Policy, 1(1), 29–49.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Howarth, D. (2010). Power, Discourse, and Policy: Articulating a Hegemony Approach to Critical Policy Studies. Critical Policy Studies, 3(3–4), 309–335.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hurd, I. (1999). Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics. International Organization, 53(2), 379–408.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Koenig-Archibugi, M., & Zürn, M. (2006). New Modes of Governance in the Global System. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Kronsel, A., & Backstrand, K. (2010). Rationalities and Forms of Governance: A Framework for Analyzing the Legitimacy of New Modes of Governance. In K. Bäckstrand et al. (Eds.), Environmental Politics and Deliberative Democracy, Examining the Promise of New Modes of Governance (pp. 28–46). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

  Google Scholar 

• Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.

  Google Scholar 

• Leeper, T., & Slothuus, R. (2018). Deliberation and Framing. In A. Bächtiger, J. S. Dryzek, & J. Mansbridge (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.37.

• Macdonald, T. (2008). Global Stakeholder Democracy, Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Majone, G. (1998). Europe’s Democratic Deficit. European Law Journal, 4(1), 5–28.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Malcolm, J. (2008). Multi-stakeholder Governance and the Internet Governance Forum. Perth: Terminus Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Martens, J. (2007). Multistakeholder Partnerships. Future Models of Multilateralism? Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Occasional Paper No. 29). https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/04244.pdf. Accessed 17 October 2019.

• Mena, S., & Palazzo, G. (2012). Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-stakeholder Initiatives. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22, 527–556.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Moog, S., Spicer, A., & Böhm, S. (2014). The Politics of Multi-stakeholder Initiatives: The Crisis of the Forest Stewardship Council. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2033-3.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mueller, L. M. (2010). Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Mueller, L. M., & Wagner, B. (2014). Finding a Formula for Brazil: Representation and Legitimacy in Internet Governance. Internet Policy Observatory. https://global.asc.upenn.edu/app/uploads/2014/09/Finding-a-Formula-for-Brazil-Representation-and-Legitimacy-in-Internet-Governance.pdf. Accessed 12 March 2020.

• Nanz, P., & Steffel, J. (2004). Global Governance, Participation and the Public Sphere. Government and Opposition, 39(2), 314–335.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Radu, R. (2019). Negotiating Internet Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Raymond, M., & DeNardis, L. (2015). Multistakeholderism: Anatomy of an Inchoate Global Institution. International Theory. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752971915000081.

• Reinicke, W. H. (2000). The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks. Foreign Policy, 117, 44–57.

  Google Scholar 

• Risse, T. (2006). Transnational Governance and Legitimacy. In A. Benz & Y. Papadopoulos (Eds.), Governance and Democracy Comparing National, European and International Experiences (pp. 179–199). New York: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Risse, T. (2011). Governance Without a State? New York: Columbia University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Rosenau, J., & Czempiel, E. O. (1992). Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Scharpf, F. W. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Scharpf, F. W. (2006). Problem Solving Effectiveness and Democratic Accountability in the EU. Political Science Series 107. Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna. http://aei.pitt.edu/6097/1/pw_107.pdf. Accessed 17 November 2019.

• Schmidt, V. (2008). Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse. Annual Review of Political Sciences, 11, 303–326.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Schmidt, V. (2010). Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Output, Input and Throughput (KFG Working Paper Series No. 21).

  Google Scholar 

• Schmidt, V., & Wood, M. (2019). Conceptualizing Throughput Legitimacy: Procedural Mechanisms of Accountability, Transparency, Inclusiveness and Openness in EU Governance. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12615.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Schneiker, A., & Joachim, J. (2018). Revisiting Global Governance in Multistakeholder Initiatives: Club Governance Based on Ideational Prealignments. Global Society, 32(1), 2–22.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Scholte, J. A., & Tallberg, J. (2018). Theorizing the Institutional Sources of Global Governance Legitimacy. In J. Tallberg, K. Bäckstrand, & J. A. Scholte (Eds.), Legitimacy in Global Governance: Sources, Processes, and Consequences (pp. 56–74). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Schouten, G., Leroy, P., & Glasbergen, P. (2012). On the Deliberative Capacity of Private Multi-stakeholder Governance: The Roundtables on Responsible Soy and Sustainable Palm Oil. Ecological Economics, 83, 42–50.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Suchman, M. (1995). Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Seabrooke, L., & Tsingou, E. (2009). Revolving Doors and Linked Ecologies in the World Economy (CSGR Working Paper 260/09). University of Warwick, UK. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1849/1/WRAP_Seabrooke_26009.pdf. Accessed 17 October 2019.

• Steenbergen, M. R., Bachtiger, A., Sporndli, M., & Steiner, J. (2003). Measuring Political De-liberation: A Discourse Quality Index. Comparative European Politics, 1, 21–48.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Steets, J. (2004). Developing a Framework Concept and Research Priorities for Partnership Accountability. Report for Global Public Policy Institute (Research Paper Series No. 1).

  Google Scholar 

• Take, I. (2012). Regulating the Internet Infrastructure: A Comparative Appraisal of the Legitimacy of ICANN, ITU, and the WSIS. Regulation and Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01151.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tallberg, J., Bäckstrand, K., & Scholte, J. A. (2018). Legitimacy in Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Tamm Hallström, K., & Boström, M. (2010). Transnational Multi-stakeholder Standardization: Organizing Fragile Non-state Authority. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Tsingou, E. (2015). Club Governance and the Making of Global Financial Rules. Review of International Political Economy, 22(2), 225–256.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Weiss, T. G. (2013). Global Governance Why What Whither. Cambridge: Polity Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Westergren, M. (2016). The Political Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions. Malmö: Stockholm University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Witte, J., Reinicke, W. H., & Benner, T. (2000). Beyond Multila-teralism: Global Public Policy Networks. Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, 2, 176–188.

  Google Scholar 

• Young, I. M. (2001). Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy. Political Theory, 29(5), 670–690.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zeyen, A., Beckmann, M., & Wolters, S. (2016). Actor and Institutional Dynamics in the Development of Multistakeholder Initiatives. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(2), 341–360.

  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references